Synonyms

• Crinorhiza Schmidt, 1880: 83
  • Type species: Crinorhiza amphactis Schmidt, 1880, by monotypy.
• Meliiderma Ridley & Dendy, 1887: 102 [valid as subgenus]
  • Type species: Chondrocladia stipitata Ridley & Dendy, 1886, by monotypy.
• Symmetrocladia Lee, Reiswig, Austin & Lundsten, 2012: 262 [valid as subgenus]
  • Type species: Chondrocladia (Symmetrocladia) lyra Lee, Reiswig, Austin & Lundsten, 2012, by original designation and monotypy.

Primary references

• Thomson, C.W. 1873. The Depths of the Sea. Macmillan and Co.: London. 527 pp.

• Ridley, S.O. & Dendy, A. 1887. Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology 20(part 59): i–lxviii + 1–275, pls. 1–51. BHL Reference page. 

• Lee, W.L., Reiswig, H.M., Austin, W.C. & Lundsten, L. 2012. An extraordinary new carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia lyra, in the new subgenus Symmetrocladia (Demospongiae, Cladorhizidae), from off of northern California, USA. Invertebrate Biology 131(4): 259–284. DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12001 Reference page. 

Additional references

• Cristobo, J., Urgorri, V. & Ríos, P. 2005. Three new species of carnivorous deep-sea sponges from the DIVA-1 expedition in the Angola Basin (South Atlantic). Organisms Diversity & Evolution 5(Supplement 1): 203–213. DOI: 10.1016/j.ode.2004.11.004 Reference page. 

• Vacelet, J. 2006. New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific. Zoological journal of the Linnean Society 148(4): 553–584. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x Reference page. 

• Lehnert, H., Stone, R. & Heimler, W. 2006. New species of deep-sea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA). Zootaxa 1250(1): 1–35. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1250.1.1 Reference page. 

• Vacelet, J., Kelly, M. & Schlacher-Hoenlinger, M. 2009. Two new species of Chondrocladia (Demospongiae: Cladorhizidae) with a new spicule type from the deep south Pacific, and a discussion of the genus Meliiderma. Zootaxa 2073(1): 57–68. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2073.1.5 Reference page. 

• Lopes, D.A., Bravo, A. & Hajdu, E. 2011. New carnivorous sponges (Cladorhizidae: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae) from off Diego Ramirez Archipelago (south Chile), with comments on taxonomy and biogeography of the family. Invertebrate Systematics 25(5): 407–443. DOI: 10.1071/IS11015 Reference page. 

• Cristobo, J., Ríos, P., Pomponi, S.A. & Xavier, J. 2015. A new carnivorous sponge, Chondrocladia robertballardi sp. nov. (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from two north-east Atlantic seamounts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 95(7): 1345–1352. DOI: 10.1017/s0025315414001325 Reference page. 

• Hestetun, J.T., Rapp, H.T. & Xavier, J.R. 2017. Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge seamounts. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 137: 166–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.03.004 Reference page. 

• Goodwin, C.E., Berman, J., Downey, R.V. & Hendry, K.R. 2017. Carnivorous sponges (Porifera : Demospongiae : Poecilosclerida :  Cladorhizidae) from the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean) with a description of eight new species and a review of the family Cladorhizidae in the Southern Ocean. Invertebrate Systematics 31(1): 37–64. DOI: 10.1071/IS16020 Reference page. 

• Hestetun, J.T., Rapp, H.T. & Pomponi, S.A. 2019. Deep-Sea Carnivorous Sponges From the Mariana Islands. Frontiers in Marine Science 6: 371. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00371 Reference page. 

• Ekins, M.G., Erpenbeck, D. & Hooper, J.N.A. 2020. Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition. Zootaxa 4774(1): 1–159. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1 Reference page. 

Links

• Chondrocladia in the World Register of Marine Species

For more multimedia, look at Chondrocladia on Wikimedia Commons.