Taxonavigation
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladi: Animalia (regnum) - Choanomonada - Fungi (regnum) - Mesomycetozoa
Name
Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
Alternative classifications
Vischer (1945)
- Vischer, W. 1945. Über einen pilzähnlichen, autotrophen Mikroorganismus, Chlorochytridion, einige neue Protococcales und die systematische Bedeutung der Chloroplasten. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 56: 41–59. Reference page.
Klasse Opistokontae (pulselloflagellat)
- Monadophyta
- autotroph: Chlorochytridiales (Chlorochytridiaceae).
- heterotroph: (Craspedomonadaceae?).
- Metaphyta
- autotroph: -
- heterotroph: (Archimycetes sensu GÄUMANN proparte?) Chytridiales, Blastocladiaceae, Monoblepharidacea.
Gams (1947)
Gams, H. (1947). Die Protochlorinae als autotrophe Vorfahren von Pilzen und Tieren? Mikroskopie, 2, 383–7, . From Leadbeater (2015) and Copeland (1956).
Opistokonten
- choanoflagellates
- chytrids
- ”some uniflagellate algal monads” [Protochlorinae? Pedilomonas, Chlorochytridion?]
- metazoans
- sporozoans
Rothmaler (1951)
Rothmaler, Werner. (1951). Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg 3: 256–266, , .
- Protobionta Rothm. (1948) – Protozoa Owen (1860) – Protista Haeckel (1866) emend. Barkley (1939) – Protoctista Hogg (1861)
- Mycophyta Pascher (1931) – Inophyta Haeckel (1866) – Phaeophyta Mycophytina Rothm. (1949) [?]
- Archimycota Rothm., nom. nov. – Archimycetes A. Fischer (1894) – Opisthocontae Gams (1947) – Protochlorinae Vischer (1945) – Opisthophyceae Rothm., nom. event. – Archemycetae Barkley (1939)
- Mycophyta Pascher (1931) – Inophyta Haeckel (1866) – Phaeophyta Mycophytina Rothm. (1949) [?]
Copeland (1956)
Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, .
- Kingdom Protoctista
- Phylum Opisthokonta
- Class Archimycetes
- Order 1. Monoblepharidalea
- Order 2. Chytridinea
- Class Archimycetes
- Phylum Opisthokonta
Cavalier-Smith (1987)
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1987). The origin of fungi and pseudofungi. In: Rayner, Alan D. M. (ed.). Evolutionary biology of Fungi. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 339–353. From Leadbeater (2015).
Opisthokonta
- choanoflagellates
- animals
- fungi
Hausmann et al. (2003)
From Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann, R. Radek. Protistology. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchshandlung, Stuttgart, 2003.
Empire Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 (= Eukarya)
- Phylum Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith & Chao, 1995
- Subphylum Fungi Nees,1817
- Infraphylum Chytridiomycota de Вагу, 1863
- Infraphylum Zygomycota Barr, 1982
- Infraphylum Eumycota Cavalier-Smith, 1998 (Dikaryomycota)
- Superclass Microspora Sprague, 1982
- Class Microsporea Sprague, 1982
- Subclass Rudimicrosporia Sprague, 1977
- Subclass Microsporia Delphy, 1963
- Class Microsporea Sprague, 1982
- Superclass Ascomycota Berkeley, 1857
- Class Archaeascomycota
- Class Hemiascomycota
- Class Euascomycota
- Family Nephridiophagidae Sprague, 1970
- Superclass Basidiomycota de Вагу, 1866
- Superclass Microspora Sprague, 1982
- Subphylum Choanozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1981
- Superclass Mesomycetozoa Herr et al., 1999
- Superclass Choanoflagellata Kent, 1880
- Infraphylum Metazoa Haeckel, 1874
- Superclass Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
- Subphylum Fungi Nees,1817
Adl et al. (2012)
Adl, S.M. et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–514, .
- Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987, emend. Adl et al. 2005
- Holozoa Lang et al. 2002 (R)
- Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008
- Ministeria Patterson et al. 1993, emend. Tong 1997 (Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith, 1997)
- Capsaspora Hertel et al. 2002 (Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith 2008) (M)
- Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998 (Mesomycetozoea Mendoza et al. 2002)
- Rhinosporidaceae Mendoza et al. 2001 (Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998) (R)
- Amphibiocystidium ranae, Amphibiothecum penneri, Dermocystidium, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Sphaerothecum destruens
- Ichthyophonae Mendoza et al. 2001 (Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998; Amoebidiidae Reeves 2003) (R)
- Abeoforma whisleri, Amoebidium parasiticum, Anurofeca richardsi, Astreptonema, Caullerya mesnili, Creolimax fragrantissima, Eccrinidus flexilis, Enterobryus oxidi, Enteropogon sexuale, Ichthyophonus, Palavascia patagonica, Pseudoperkinsus tapetis, Psorospermium haeckeli, Sphaeroforma arctica
- Rhinosporidaceae Mendoza et al. 2001 (Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998) (R)
- Aphelidea Gromov 2000
- Amoeboaphelidium, Aphelidium, Pseudoaphelidium [Pseudaphelidium]
- Corallochytrium Raghu-Kumar 1987 (M)
- Choanomonada Kent 1880
- Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
- Astrosiga, Aulomonas, Choanoeca, Cladospongia, Codonocladium, Codonosigopsis, Codosiga (junior synonym Codonosiga), Desmarella (junior synonyms Codonodesmus and Kentrosiga), Dicraspedella, Diploeca, Diplosiga, Diplosigopsis, Kentia, Lagenoeca, Monosiga, Pachysoeca, Proterospongia, Salpingoeca, Salpingorhiza, Sphaeroeca, Stelexomonas, Stylochromonas
- Acanthoecida Norris 1965, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
- Acanthoeca, Acanthocorbis, Amoenoscopa, Apheloecion, Bicosta, Calliacantha, Calotheca, Campanoeca, Campyloacantha, Conion, Cosmoeca, Crinolina, Crucispina, Diaphanoeca, Didymoeca, Helgoeca, Kakoeca, Monocosta, Nannoeca, Parvicorbicula, Platypleura, Pleurasiga, Polyfibula, Polyoeca, Saepicula, Saroeca, Savillea, Spinoeca, Spiraloecion, Stephanacantha, Stephanoeca, Syndetophyllum
- Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
- Metazoa Haeckel 1874
- Porifera Grant 1836 (Parazoa Sollas 1884)
- Silicispongia Schmidt 1862 (Silicea Bowerbank 1864, emend. Gray 1867)
- Hexactinellida Schmidt 1870
- Demospongiae Sollas 1885, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004
- Democlavia Sperling et al. 2009, emend. Morrow et al. 2012 (R)
- Homoscleromorpha Lévi 1973, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
- Calcispongia Johnston 1842 (Calcarea Bowerbank 1864)
- Calcinea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
- Calcaronea Hartman 1958, emend. Borchiellini et al. 2004 (R)
- Silicispongia Schmidt 1862 (Silicea Bowerbank 1864, emend. Gray 1867)
- Trichoplax von Schulze 1883 (Placozoa Grell 1971) (M)
- Animalia Linnaeus 1758, emend. Adl et al. 2005 (Eumetazoa Bütschli 1910) [including Myxozoa Grassé 1970]
- Porifera Grant 1836 (Parazoa Sollas 1884)
- Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008
- Nucletmycea Brown et al. 2009 (Holomycota Liu et al. 2009) (R)
- Holozoa Lang et al. 2002 (R)
[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]
Karpov et al. (2014)
Karpov, S. A., Mamkaeva, M. A., Aleoshin, V. V., Nassonova, E., Lilje, O., & Gleason, F. H. (2014). Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5: 112. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112.
Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987
- Holozoa
- Holomycota
- Nucleariida
- Fungi
- Opisthosporidia Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov superphylum nov.
- Cryptomycota (Jones et Richards, 2011), emend. Karpov et Aleoshin
- Aphelida Karpov, Aleoshin et Mikhailov phylum nov.
- Aphelidea Gromov, 2000
- Microsporidia
Ruggiero et al. (2015)
Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, .
- Superkingdom Prokaryota
- Kingdom Archaea [= Archaebacteria]
- Kingdom Bacteria [= Eubacteria]
- Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Protozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Infrakingdom Euglenozoa
- Infrakingdom Excavata
- Subkingdom Sarcomastigota
- Phylum Amoebozoa
- Phylum Choanozoa [with Microsporidia, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Microsporidia [with Choanozoa, Animalia, and Fungi constitutes "Supergroup Opisthokonta"]
- Phylum Sulcozoa
- Subkingdom Eozoa
- Kingdom Chromista
- Subkingdom Hacrobia
- Subkingdom Harosa [= "Supergroup SAR"]
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Superphylum Alveolata
- Superphylum Heterokonta [= "Supergroup Stramenopiles"]
- Infrakingdom Rhizaria
- Infrakingdom Halvaria
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
- Subkingdom Biliphyta
- Subkingdom Viridiplantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Protozoa
Toruella et al. (2015)
Torruella, Guifré, et al. Phylogenomics reveals convergent evolution of lifestyles in close relatives of animals and fungi. Current Biology 25: 1–7, .
References
- Cavalier-Smith, T. 2009: Megaphylogeny, cell body plans, adaptive zones: causes and timing of eukaryote basal radiations. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 56: 26–33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00373.x
- Philip, G.K.; Creevey, C.J.; McInerney, J.O. 2005: The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa May Not Be Clades: Stronger Support for the Grouping of Plant and Animal than for Animal and Fungi and Stronger Support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa. Molecular biology and evolution, 22: 1175–1184. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msi102
- Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. 2006: The protistan origins of animals and fungi. Molecular biology and evolution, 23: 93–106. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msj011
Links
- Prous, Marko. The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may be clades: An update on Philip et al. (2005). Available from Nature Precedings DOI: 10.1038/npre.2009.3306.1 (2009)
- Wegener Parfrey, Laura 2009. Taxon page for Eukaryota. In: The ATOL eutree hypothesis First Created: 2009–07-04T15:11:59Z. Last Updated: 2009–07-04T15:14:20Z.
Vernacular names
English: Opisthokont
français: Opisthocontes, opisthocontes
日本語: オピストコンタ
македонски: Заднокамшични
Tiếng Việt: Sinh vật lông roi sau
中文: 动基体类