Name

Protoctista Hogg, 1860

Classifications

[Note: Protoctista definitions are currently considered poly- or paraphyletic, and taxonomists prefer to use only monophyletic taxa. See Eukaryota for more modern classifications of the groups previously placed here.]

Hogg (1860)

Hogg, J. (1860). On the distinctions of a Plant and an Animal and on a Fourth Kingdom of Nature. Edinburgh New Phil. J., N.S. 12: 216–225 .

Barkley (1949)

Barkley, Fred A. "Un esbozo de clasificación de los organismos." Revista de la Facultad Nacional de Agronomia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. 10: 83–103, .

  • Mychota
  • Protista (Protobionta, Protoctista)
    • Euthallophyta
      • Rhodophyta
      • Chrysophyta
      • Pyrrophyta
      • Euglenophyta
      • Gonidiophyta
      • Charophyta
      • Phaeophyta
      • Myxophyta
      • Mycophyta
    • Protozoa
      • Sarcodina
      • Foraminifera
      • Actinopoda
      • Fungilli
      • Ciliata
      • Suctoria
      • Mesozoa
    • Parazoa
      • Porifera
  • Euplanta
  • Euanimalia

Kozo-Poljanskij (1949)

Kozo-Poljanskij, B. M. (1949). K modernizacii sistemy rastitelnogo mira. Trudy voronezsk. gosud. Univ. 15: 76–129.

Козо-Полянский, Б. М. (1949). К модернизации системы растительного мира. Тр. Воронежск. Гос. унив., т. XV, Сб. работ, посв, 30-летию Великой Окт. соц. рев.: 76—129, .

Rothmaler (1951)

Rothmaler, Werner. (1951). Die Abteilungen und Klassen der Pflanzen. Feddes Rep Spec Nov Reg Veg 3: 256–266, , .

Copeland (1956)

Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, .

  • Kingdom Mychota
  • Kingdom Protoctista Hogg, 1860
    • Phylum 1. Rhodophyta Wettstein, 1901
      • Class 1. Bangialea [Bangiales] (Engler, 1897) Wettstein, 1901
      • Class 2. Heterocarpea [Heterocarpeae] Kützing, 1843
        • Order 1. Cryptospermea [Cryptospermeae] Kützing, 1843
        • Order 2. Sphaerococcoidea [Sphaeroccoideae] J. Agardh, 1852
        • Order 3. Gelidialea [Gelidiales] Kylin, 1923
        • Order 4. Furcellariea [Furcellarieae] Greville, 1830
        • Order 5. Coeloblastea [Coeloblasteae] Kützing, 1843
        • Order 6. Floridea [Florideae] C. Agardh, 1824
    • Phylum 2. Phaeophyta Wettstein, 1901
      • Class 1. Heterokonta [Heterokontae] Luther, 1899
      • Class 2. Bacillariacea [Bacillariaceae] Engler and Prantl, 1889
        • Order 1. Disciformia [Disciformes] Kützing, 1845
        • Order 2. Diatomea [Diatomeae] C. Agardh, 1824
      • Class 3. Oomycetes Winter, 1879
        • Order 1. Saprolegnina [Saprolengninae] Fischer, 1892
        • Order 2. Peronosporina [Peronosporinae] Fischer, 1892
        • Order 3. Lagenidialea [Lagenidiales] Karling, 1939
      • Class 4. Melanophycea [Melanophyceae] (Ruprecht, 1851) Rabenhorst, 1863
        • Order 1. Phaeozoosporea [Phaeozoosporeae] Hauck, 1885
        • Order 2. Sphacelarialea [Sphacelariales] (Oltmanns, 1922) Engler and Gilg, 1924
        • Order 3. Dictyotea [Dictyoteae] Greville, 1830
        • Order 4. Sporochnoidea [Sporochnoideae] Greville, 1830
        • Order 5. Cutlerialea [Cutleriales] Bessey, 1907
        • Order 6. Laminariea [Laminarieae] Greville, 1830
        • Order 7. Fucoidea [Fucoideae] C. Agardh, 1824
    • Phylum 3. Pyrrhophyta Pascher, 1914
      • Class Mastigophora (Diesing, 1866) Bütschli, 1887
        • Order 1. Cryptomonadalea [Cryptomonadales] Engler, 1903
        • Order 2. Adiniferidea Kofoid and Swezy, 1921
        • Order 3. Cystoflagellata (Haeckel, 1873) Bütschli, 1887
        • Order 4. Cilioflagellata Claparède and Lachman, 1858
        • Order 5. Astoma Siebold in Siebold and Stannius, 1848
    • Phylum 4. Opisthokonta phylum novum
      • Class Archimycetes (A. Fischer, 1892) Schaffner, 1909
        • Order 1. Monoblepharidalea [Monoblepharidales] Sparrow, 1942
        • Order 2. Chytridinea [Chytridineae] (Schröter, 1902)
    • Phylum 5. Inophyta Haeckel, 1866
      • Class 1. Zygomycetes (Sachs, 1874 ex Bennett and Thistleton-Dyer, 1875) Winter, 1879
        • Order 1. Mucorina [Mucorini] Fries, 1832
        • Order 2. Entomophthorinea [Entomophthorineae] (Engler, 1897) Campbell, 1902
      • Class 2. Ascomycetes (Sachs, 1874 ex Bennett and Thistleton-Dyer, 1875) Winter, 1879
        • Order 1. Endomycetalea [Endomycetales] Gäumann, 1926
        • Order 2. Mucedines Fries, 1832
        • Order 3. Perisporiacea [Perisporiaceae] Fries, 1829
        • Order 4. Phacidialea [Phacidiales] Bessey, 1907
        • Order 5. Cupulata [Cupulati] Fries, 1821
        • Order 6. Exoascalea [Exoascales] Bessey, 1907
        • Order 7. Sclerocarpa [Sclerocarpi] Persoon, 1801
        • Order 8. Laboulbenialea [Laboulbeniales] Engler, 1903
      • Class 3. Hyphomycetes Fries, 1832
        • Order 1. Phomatalea [Phomatales] Clements, 1909
        • Order 2. Melanconialea [Melanconiales] Engler in Engler and Prantl, 1900
        • Order 3. Nematothecia [Nematothecii] Persoon, 1801
      • Class 4. Basidiomycetes (Sachs, 1874 ex Bennett and Thistleton-Dyer, 1875) Winter, 1879
        • Order 1. Protobasidiomycetes Engler in Engler and Prantl, 1900
        • Order 2. Hypodermia [Hypodermii] Fries, 1832
        • Order 3. Ustilaginea [Ustilagineae] (Tulasne and Tulasne, 1847) Winter, 1884
        • Order 4. Tremellina [Tremellinae] Fries, 1821
        • Order 5. Dacryomycetalea [Dacryomycetales] Gäumann, 1926
        • Order 6. Fungi L., 1753
        • Order 7. Dermatocarpa [Dermatocarpi] Persoon, 1801
    • Phylum 6. Protoplasta Haeckel, 1866
      • Class 1. Zoomastigoda Calkins, 1926
        • Order 1. Rhizoflagellata [Rhizo-Flagellata] Kent, 1880
        • Order 2. Polymastigida Calkins, 1926
        • Order 3. Trichomonadina Grassé, 1952
        • Order 4. Hypermastigina Grassi, 1911
      • Class 2. Mycetozoa de Bary, 1859
        • Order 1. Enteridiea [Enteridieae] Rostafinski, 1873
        • Order 2. Exosporea (Rostafinski, 1873) Lankester, 1885
        • Order 3. Phytomyxida Calkins, 1926
      • Class 3. Rhizopoda Siebold in Siebold and Stannius, 1848
        • Order 1. Monosomatia (Ehrenberg, 1838) Siebold in Siebold and Stannius, 1848
        • Order 2. Miliolidea Lankester, 1885
        • Order 3. Foraminifera Zborewski, 1834
        • Order 4. Globigerinidea Lankester, 1885
        • Order 5. Nummulitinidea Lankester, 1885
      • Class 4. Heliozoa Haeckel, 1862
        • Order 1. Radioflagellata Kent, 1880
        • Order 2. Radiolaria (J. Miiller, 1858) Haeckel, 1862
        • Order 3. Acantharia Haeckel, 1882
        • Order 4. Monopylaria Haeckel, 1882
        • Order 5. Phaeosphaeria Haeckel, 1879
      • Class 5. Sarkodina (Hertwig and Lesser, 1874) Bütschli, 1882
        • Order 1. Nuda Schultze, 1854
        • Order 2. Lampramoebae Haeckel, 1866
    • Phylum 7. Fungilli Haeckel, 1894
      • Class 1. Sporozoa Leuckart, 1879
        • Order 1. Oligosporea Lankester, 1855
        • Order 2. Polysporea Lankester, 1855
        • Order 3. Gymnosporidiida Labbé, 1899
        • Order 4. Dolichocystida Delage and Hérouard, 1896
        • Order 5. Schizogregarinida Calkins, 1926
        • Order 6. Monocystidea Bütschli, 1882
        • Order 7. Polycystidea Bütschli, 1882
        • Order 8. Haplosporidiidea Poche, 1913
      • Class 2. Neosporidia (Schaudinn, 1900) Calkins, 1926
        • Order 1. Phaenocystes Gurley, 1893
        • Order 2. Actinomyxida Stole, 1911
        • Order 3. Cryptocystes Gurley, 1893
    • Phylum 8. Ciliophora (Doflein, 1901) nomen phylare novum
      • Class 1. Infusoria Lamarck, 1809
        • Order 1. Opalinalea nom. nov.
        • Order 2. Holotricha Stein, 1867
        • Order 3. Heterotricha Stein, 1867
        • Order 4. Hypotricha Stein, 1867
        • Order 5. Stomatoda Siebold in Siebold and Stannius, 1848
      • Class 2. Tentaculifera (Huxley, 1877) Kent, 1880
  • Kingdom Plantae (including green algae) [= Viridiplantae]
  • Kingdom Animalia

Margulis (1974a)

Margulis, L. (1974a). Five-kingdom classification and the origin and evolution of cells. Evol. Biol. 7, 45-78, .

Margulis (1974b)

Margulis, L. (1974b). The classification and evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In: Handbook of Genetics, Vol. 1, R. C. King, (ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 1-41, .

  • Superkingdom (chromosomal organization) Eukaryota

Whittaker & Margulis (1978)

Whittaker, R. H. & Margulis, L. (1978). Protist classification and the kingdoms of organisms. Biosystems 10, 3–18.

Margulis & Schwartz (1982)

Margulis, L. & Schwartz, K.V. (1982). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 1st ed. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco and N.Y. 339 p. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), .

Margulis & Sagan (1985)

Margulis, L., & Sagan, D. (1985). Order amidst animalcules: the Protoctista kingdom and its undulipodiated cells. BioSystems, 18(2), 141-147, . See also Heywood & Rothschild (1987), .

Kingdom Protoctista

Margulis & Schwartz (1988)

Margulis, L. & Schwartz, K.V. (1988). Five Kingdoms. 2nd ed. Freeman, New York, 376 p. See Kussakin & Drozdov (1994), .

Kingdom Protoctista

Margulis et al. (1990)

From Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 1990. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), .

Kingdom Protoctista (Hogg, 1861) Margulis & Schwartz, 1988

Margulis (1996)

From Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: Phylogenetic classification of life .

Kingdom Protoctista

Margulis & Schwartz (1998)

Margulis, L. & Schwartz, K.V. (1998). Five Kingdoms. 3rd ed. Freeman, New York, .

Superkingdom Eukarya

Margulis & Chapman (2009)

Margulis, L., M.J. Chapman. Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2009.

Margulis et al. (2012)

Margulis et al. (eds.) Handbook of Protoctista, 2nd edition, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, 2012, . [not published, see Archibald et al. (2016) in Protista.]

See also

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