Primary references

• Körber, G.W. 1848. Grundriss der Kryptogamen-Kunde. Zur Orientirung beim Studium der kryptogamischen Pflanzen, sowie zum Gebrauch bei seinen Vorlesungen. [i]-viii, [1]–203, [204]. Breslau: Verlag von Eduard Trewendt. BHL ZOBODATReference page. 

Additional references

• Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. DJVU Reference page. 
• McCourt, R.M., Karol, K.G., Hall, J.D., Casanova, M.T., Grant, M.C. (2017). Charophyceae (Charales). In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-19. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-2

Rabenhorst (1863)

Rabenhorst, G. L. Kryptogamen-flora von Sachsen, pp. xiv, 282, .

Kryptogamen

• Klasse Characeae
  • Familie Chareae
    • Nitella
    • Chara

Smith (1938)

Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 1, .

Division Chlorophyta

• Class 1. Chlorophyceae
• Class 2. Charophyceae

• Order Charales

• Family Characeae

Stewart & Mattox (1975)

Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R. (1975). Comparative cytology, evolution and classification of the green algae with some consideration of the origin of other organisms with chlorophylls A and B, .

“Green algae”

• Charophyceae
  • Klebsormidiales (Klebsormidiaceae)
  • Zygnematales
  • Coleochaetales (Coleochaetaceae)
  • Charales
• Chlorophyceae
  • Volvocales (Volvocaceae)
  • Chlorococcales
  • Microsporales (Microsporaceae)
  • Ulvales (Ulvaceae, Cylindrocapsaceae)
  • Chaetophorales (Chaetophoraceae, Aphanochaetaceae, Schizomeridaceae)
  • Oedogoniales

Mattox & Stewart (1984)

Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D. 1984. Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology. Pp. 29‐72, In Irvine, D. E. G. & John, D. M. (eds.), The systematics of Green Algae. The Systematics Association, Special Vol. 27, Academic Press, London.

• Chlorophyta
  • Micromonadophyceae Mattox & Stewart [similar to Prasinophyceae; Tetraselmidiales transferred to Pleurastrophyceae]
  • Charophyceae Rabenhorst
    • Chlorokybales
    • Klebsormidiales
    • Zygnematales
    • Coleochaetales
    • Charales
  • Ulvophyceae Mattox & Stewart
  • Pleurastrophyceae Mattox & Stewart
    • Tetraselmidiales
    • Pleurastrales
  • Chlorophyceae Wille in Warming
    • Chlamydomonadales
    • Volvocales
    • Chlorococcales
    • Sphaeropleales
    • Chlorosarcinales
    • Chaetophorales
    • Oedogoniales

Graham (1990) / Grant (1990)

Graham, L., 1990. 32d. Phylum Chlorophyta, Class Charophyceae, Orders Chlorokybales, Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 636-640. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), .

Grant, M.C., 1990. 32e. Phylum Chlorophyta, Class Charophyceae, Order Charales. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 641-648. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), .

Kingdom Protoctista

• Section IV: Phyla with flagellated stages and complex sexual cycles
  • Phylum 32. Chlorophyta
    • Class Charophyceae
      • Order Chlorokybales
      • Order Klebsormidiales
      • Order Coleochaetales
      • Order Charales

van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995)

van den Hoek, C., Mann, D. G., & Jahns, H. M. (1995): Algae. An Introduction to Phycology. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, .

Chlorophyta

• Class Charophyceae
  • Order Charales

Adl et al. (2012)

The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes, .

Eukaryota

• Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005
  • Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (Glaucocystophyta Kies & Kremer 1986)
  • Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863 (Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901, Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand 2004) emend. Adl et al. 2005
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
    • Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
    • Charophyta Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
      • Chlorokybus Geitler 1942 (Chlorokybophyceae Lewis & McCourt 2004) (M)
      • Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894 (Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian 1999, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004; Mesostigmata Turmel et al. 2002) (M)
      • Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995
      • Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006
        • Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
        • Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982
        • Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967
          • Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
          • Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)

[Notes: M, monotypic group with only one described species; P, paraphyletic group; R, ribogroup assembled from phylogenetic studies.]

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