Primary references

• Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme: L'Imprimerie de Jean Barravecchia. 224 pp. BHL Reference page. 

Additional references

• Espeland, M., Breinholt, J.W., Willmott, K.R., Warren, A.D., Vila, R., Toussaint, E.F.A., Maunsell, S.C., Aduse-Poku, K., Talavera, G., Eastwood, R., Jarzyna, M.A., Guralnick, R., Lohman, D.J., Pierce, N.E. & Kawahara, A.Y. 2018. A Comprehensive and Dated Phylogenomic Analysis of Butterflies. Current Biology 28(5): 770–778. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.061 Reference page. 

• Freitas, A.V.L. & Brown Jr., K.S. 2004. Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology 53(3): 363–383. DOI: 10.1080/10635150490445670 . Reference page. 

• Heikkilä, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. 2011. Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279(1731): 1093–1099. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1430 . Reference page. 

• Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Peña, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A.V.L. & Brower, A.V.Z. 2009. Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276(1677): 4295–4302. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1303 . Reference page. 

• Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E. & Nylin, S. 2003. Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 28(3): 473–484. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00052-6 PDF. Reference page. 

Links

• Nymphalidae Systematics Group, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden.