πάσχω
Ancient Greek
Etymology
The four principal parts of the verb display the e-grade, o-grade, and zero-grade (πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ- (penth-, ponth-, path-) from Proto-Indo-European *kʷendʰ-, *kʷondʰ-, *kʷn̥dʰ) of the root *kʷendʰ- (“to suffer, endure”). Cognate with Lithuanian kenčiù.
The present πάσχω (páskhō), like the aorist ἔπαθον (épathon), comes from the zero-grade παθ- (path-), but with the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō) added *πάθ-σκ-ω (*páth-sk-ō) and subsequent loss of θ (th) before σ (s) and transference of aspiration from θ (th) to κ (k), resulting in χ (kh). The future stem πείσομαι (peísomai) developed from *πενθ-σ-ομαι (*penth-s-omai), from e-grade πενθ- (penth-) with the tense-suffix σ (s), with subsequent cluster simplification νθσ > σ (nths > s) and compensatory lengthening *ε > ει (*e > ei). The future stem πείσω (peísō) of the verb πείθω (peíthō, “persuade”) is identical.
Others have connected the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”) with semantic shift from “to be bound” to “to suffer”. Cognates would then include Ancient Greek πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”).[1]
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pás.kʰɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpas.kʰo/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpas.xo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpas.xo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpas.xo/
Verb
πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō)
- to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
- (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
- (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
- 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 927–929:
- Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ’ οἵδ’ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
πάθοιεν ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.- Antigónē ei d’ hoíd’ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
páthoien ḕ kaì drôsin ekdíkōs emé. - Antigone: But if they are wrong [to treat me as a criminal], let them suffer no worse than they are doing unjustly to me.
- Antigónē ei d’ hoíd’ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
- Ἀντιγόνη εἰ δ’ οἵδ’ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
- (law) to suffer a punishment
- (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
- (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
- to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
- to feel an emotion or impulse
- (in negative sense) suffer
- to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
- :
- Πάσχω τὴν καρδίαν.
- Páskhō tḕn kardían.
- Πάσχω τὴν καρδίαν.
Inflection
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πᾰ́σχω | πᾰ́σχεις | πᾰ́σχει | πᾰ́σχετον | πᾰ́σχετον | πᾰ́σχομεν | πᾰ́σχετε | πᾰ́σχουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πᾰ́σχω | πᾰ́σχῃς | πᾰ́σχῃ | πᾰ́σχητον | πᾰ́σχητον | πᾰ́σχωμεν | πᾰ́σχητε | πᾰ́σχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πᾰ́σχοιμῐ | πᾰ́σχοις | πᾰ́σχοι | πᾰ́σχοιτον | πᾰσχοίτην | πᾰ́σχοιμεν | πᾰ́σχοιτε | πᾰ́σχοιεν | |||||
imperative | πᾰ́σχε | πᾰσχέτω | πᾰ́σχετον | πᾰσχέτων | πᾰ́σχετε | πᾰσχόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πᾰ́σχειν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πᾰ́σχων | |||||||||||
f | πᾰ́σχουσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πᾰ́σχον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle | indicative | πείσομαι | πείσῃ, πείσει |
πείσεται | πείσεσθον | πείσεσθον | πεισόμεθᾰ | πείσεσθε | πείσονται | ||||
optative | πεισοίμην | πείσοιο | πείσοιτο | πείσοισθον | πεισοίσθην | πεισοίμεθᾰ | πείσοισθε | πείσοιντο | |||||
middle | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πείσεσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεισόμενος | |||||||||||
f | πεισομένη | ||||||||||||
n | πεισόμενον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔπᾰθον | ἔπᾰθες | ἔπᾰθε(ν) | ἐπᾰ́θετον | ἐπᾰθέτην | ἐπᾰ́θομεν | ἐπᾰ́θετε | ἔπᾰθον | ||||
subjunctive | πᾰ́θω | πᾰ́θῃς | πᾰ́θῃ | πᾰ́θητον | πᾰ́θητον | πᾰ́θωμεν | πᾰ́θητε | πᾰ́θωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πᾰ́θοιμῐ | πᾰ́θοις | πᾰ́θοι | πᾰ́θοιτον | πᾰθοίτην | πᾰ́θοιμεν | πᾰ́θοιτε | πᾰ́θοιεν | |||||
imperative | πᾰ́θε | πᾰθέτω | πᾰ́θετον | πᾰθέτων | πᾰ́θετε | πᾰθόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πᾰθεῖν | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πᾰθών | |||||||||||
f | πᾰθοῦσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πᾰθόν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πᾰ́θον | πᾰ́θες | πᾰ́θε(ν) | πᾰ́θετον | πᾰθέτην | πᾰ́θομεν | πᾰ́θετε | πᾰ́θον | ||||
subjunctive | πᾰ́θω, πᾰ́θωμῐ |
πᾰ́θῃς, πᾰ́θῃσθᾰ |
πᾰ́θῃ, πᾰ́θῃσῐ |
πᾰ́θητον | πᾰ́θητον | πᾰ́θωμεν | πᾰ́θητε | πᾰ́θωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πᾰ́θοιμῐ | πᾰ́θοις/πᾰ́θοισθᾰ | πᾰ́θοι | πᾰθεῖτον | πᾰθείτην | πᾰθεῖμεν | πᾰθεῖτε | πᾰθεῖεν | |||||
imperative | πᾰ́θε | πᾰθέτω | πᾰ́θετον | πᾰθέτων | πᾰ́θετε | πᾰθόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πᾰθεῖν/πᾰθέμεν(αι) | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πᾰθών | |||||||||||
f | πᾰθοῦσᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πᾰθόν | ||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πέπονθᾰ | πέπονθᾰς | πέπονθε(ν) | πεπόνθᾰτον | πεπόνθᾰτον | πεπόνθᾰμεν | πεπόνθᾰτε/πέπασθε/πέποσθε | πεπόνθᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πεπόνθω | πεπόνθῃς | πεπόνθῃ | πεπόνθητον | πεπόνθητον | πεπόνθωμεν | πεπόνθητε | πεπόνθωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπόνθοιμῐ, πεπονθοίην |
πεπόνθοις, πεπονθοίης |
πεπόνθοι, πεπονθοίη |
πεπόνθοιτον | πεπονθοίτην | πεπόνθοιμεν | πεπόνθοιτε | πεπόνθοιεν | |||||
imperative | πέπονθε | πεπονθέτω | πεπόνθετον | πεπονθέτων | πεπόνθετε | πεπονθόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πεπονθέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεπονθώς | |||||||||||
f | πεπονθυῖᾰ/πεπᾰθυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πεπονθός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | πέποσχᾰ | πέποσχᾰς | πέποσχε(ν) | πεπόσχᾰτον | πεπόσχᾰτον | πεπόσχᾰμεν | πεπόσχᾰτε | πεπόσχᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | πεπόσχω | πεπόσχῃς | πεπόσχῃ | πεπόσχητον | πεπόσχητον | πεπόσχωμεν | πεπόσχητε | πεπόσχωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | πεπόσχοιμῐ, πεποσχοίην |
πεπόσχοις, πεποσχοίης |
πεπόσχοι, πεποσχοίη |
πεπόσχοιτον | πεποσχοίτην | πεπόσχοιμεν | πεπόσχοιτε | πεπόσχοιεν | |||||
imperative | πέποσχε | πεποσχέτω | πεπόσχετον | πεποσχέτων | πεπόσχετε | πεποσχόντων | |||||||
active | |||||||||||||
infinitive | πεποσχέναι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | πεποσχώς | |||||||||||
f | πεποσχυῖᾰ | ||||||||||||
n | πεποσχός | ||||||||||||
Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἐπεπόνθειν, ἐπεπόνθη |
ἐπεπόνθεις, ἐπεπόνθης |
ἐπεπόνθει(ν) | ἐπεπόνθετον | ἐπεπονθέτην | ἐπεπόνθεμεν | ἐπεπόνθετε | ἐπεπόνθεσᾰν | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation. |
Synonyms
- (to be in a certain situation): ἔχω (ékhō)
Derived terms
References
- πάσχω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- πάσχω in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- πάσχω in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πάσχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πάσχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- πάσχω in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G3958 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag
- Holger Pedersen, Zwei Fälle eines irrtümlich als Labiovelar aufgefassten π, p. 192 ff., in: Revue des Études Indo-européennes (Bucarest), 1/1 (1938), pp. 192–199.
Michael Janda, Eleusis. Das indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien, Innsbruck 2000, p. 128 f.
Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, s. v. “πάσχω”. First published online: October 2010.