لحم
Arabic
Etymology 1
From the root ل ح م (l-ḥ-m), from Proto-Semitic *laḥm- (“food, eatables; meat, bread”), from Proto-Afro-Asiatic *laḥam- (“food”). Cognate with Aramaic לַחְמָא (laḥmā), Classical Syriac ܠܚܡܐ (laḥmā), Hebrew לֶחֶם (léḥem), Ugaritic 𐎍𐎈𐎎 (lḥm /laḥmu/), all meaning “food” or “bread”. The varying semantic developments are due to the differing agriculture and diets of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /laħm/
Audio (file)
Noun
لَحْم • (laḥm) m (collective, singulative لَحْمَة (laḥma), plural لُحُوم (luḥūm) or لِحَام (liḥām) or لِحْمَان (liḥmān) or لُحْمَان (luḥmān) or أَلْحُم (ʾalḥum))
Declension
Declension of noun لَحْم (laḥm)
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | لَحْم laḥm |
اللَّحْم al-laḥm |
لَحْم laḥm |
Nominative | لَحْمٌ laḥmun |
اللَّحْمُ al-laḥmu |
لَحْمُ laḥmu |
Accusative | لَحْمًا laḥman |
اللَّحْمَ al-laḥma |
لَحْمَ laḥma |
Genitive | لَحْمٍ laḥmin |
اللَّحْمِ al-laḥmi |
لَحْمِ laḥmi |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | لَحْمَة laḥma |
اللَّحْمَة al-laḥma |
لَحْمَة laḥmat |
Nominative | لَحْمَةٌ laḥmatun |
اللَّحْمَةُ al-laḥmatu |
لَحْمَةُ laḥmatu |
Accusative | لَحْمَةً laḥmatan |
اللَّحْمَةَ al-laḥmata |
لَحْمَةَ laḥmata |
Genitive | لَحْمَةٍ laḥmatin |
اللَّحْمَةِ al-laḥmati |
لَحْمَةِ laḥmati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | لَحْمَتَيْن laḥmatayn |
اللَّحْمَتَيْن al-laḥmatayn |
لَحْمَتَيْ laḥmatay |
Nominative | لَحْمَتَانِ laḥmatāni |
اللَّحْمَتَانِ al-laḥmatāni |
لَحْمَتَا laḥmatā |
Accusative | لَحْمَتَيْنِ laḥmatayni |
اللَّحْمَتَيْنِ al-laḥmatayni |
لَحْمَتَيْ laḥmatay |
Genitive | لَحْمَتَيْنِ laḥmatayni |
اللَّحْمَتَيْنِ al-laḥmatayni |
لَحْمَتَيْ laḥmatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | لَحْمَات laḥmāt |
اللَّحْمَات al-laḥmāt |
لَحْمَات laḥmāt |
Nominative | لَحْمَاتٌ laḥmātun |
اللَّحْمَاتُ al-laḥmātu |
لَحْمَاتُ laḥmātu |
Accusative | لَحْمَاتٍ laḥmātin |
اللَّحْمَاتِ al-laḥmāti |
لَحْمَاتِ laḥmāti |
Genitive | لَحْمَاتٍ laḥmātin |
اللَّحْمَاتِ al-laḥmāti |
لَحْمَاتِ laḥmāti |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | لُحُوم; لِحَام; لِحْمَان; لُحْمَان; أَلْحُم luḥūm; liḥām; liḥmān; luḥmān; ʾalḥum |
اللُّحُوم; اللِّحَام; اللِّحْمَان; اللُّحْمَان; الْأَلْحُم al-luḥūm; al-liḥām; al-liḥmān; al-luḥmān; al-ʾalḥum |
لُحُوم; لِحَام; لِحْمَان; لُحْمَان; أَلْحُم luḥūm; liḥām; liḥmān; luḥmān; ʾalḥum |
Nominative | لُحُومٌ; لِحَامٌ; لِحْمَانٌ; لُحْمَانٌ; أَلْحُمٌ luḥūmun; liḥāmun; liḥmānun; luḥmānun; ʾalḥumun |
اللُّحُومُ; اللِّحَامُ; اللِّحْمَانُ; اللُّحْمَانُ; الْأَلْحُمُ al-luḥūmu; al-liḥāmu; al-liḥmānu; al-luḥmānu; al-ʾalḥumu |
لُحُومُ; لِحَامُ; لِحْمَانُ; لُحْمَانُ; أَلْحُمُ luḥūmu; liḥāmu; liḥmānu; luḥmānu; ʾalḥumu |
Accusative | لُحُومًا; لِحَامًا; لِحْمَانًا; لُحْمَانًا; أَلْحُمًا luḥūman; liḥāman; liḥmānan; luḥmānan; ʾalḥuman |
اللُّحُومَ; اللِّحَامَ; اللِّحْمَانَ; اللُّحْمَانَ; الْأَلْحُمَ al-luḥūma; al-liḥāma; al-liḥmāna; al-luḥmāna; al-ʾalḥuma |
لُحُومَ; لِحَامَ; لِحْمَانَ; لُحْمَانَ; أَلْحُمَ luḥūma; liḥāma; liḥmāna; luḥmāna; ʾalḥuma |
Genitive | لُحُومٍ; لِحَامٍ; لِحْمَانٍ; لُحْمَانٍ; أَلْحُمٍ luḥūmin; liḥāmin; liḥmānin; luḥmānin; ʾalḥumin |
اللُّحُومِ; اللِّحَامِ; اللِّحْمَانِ; اللُّحْمَانِ; الْأَلْحُمِ al-luḥūmi; al-liḥāmi; al-liḥmāni; al-luḥmāni; al-ʾalḥumi |
لُحُومِ; لِحَامِ; لِحْمَانِ; لُحْمَانِ; أَلْحُمِ luḥūmi; liḥāmi; liḥmāni; luḥmāni; ʾalḥumi |
Related terms
- بَيْت لَحْم (bayt laḥm)
Etymology 2
From the root ل ح م (l-ḥ-m).
Pronunciation 1
- IPA(key): /la.ħa.ma/
Verb
لَحَمَ • (laḥama) I, non-past يَلْحُمُ (yalḥumu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
لَحَمَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun لَحْم)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
لَحْم laḥm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
لَاحِم lāḥim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَلْحُوم malḥūm | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لَحَمْتُ laḥamtu |
لَحَمْتَ laḥamta |
لَحَمَ laḥama |
لَحَمْتُمَا laḥamtumā |
لَحَمَا laḥamā |
لَحَمْنَا laḥamnā |
لَحَمْتُمْ laḥamtum |
لَحَمُوا laḥamū | |||
f | لَحَمْتِ laḥamti |
لَحَمَتْ laḥamat |
لَحَمَتَا laḥamatā |
لَحَمْتُنَّ laḥamtunna |
لَحَمْنَ laḥamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | أَلْحُمُ ʾalḥumu |
تَلْحُمُ talḥumu |
يَلْحُمُ yalḥumu |
تَلْحُمَانِ talḥumāni |
يَلْحُمَانِ yalḥumāni |
نَلْحُمُ nalḥumu |
تَلْحُمُونَ talḥumūna |
يَلْحُمُونَ yalḥumūna | |||
f | تَلْحُمِينَ talḥumīna |
تَلْحُمُ talḥumu |
تَلْحُمَانِ talḥumāni |
تَلْحُمْنَ talḥumna |
يَلْحُمْنَ yalḥumna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَلْحُمَ ʾalḥuma |
تَلْحُمَ talḥuma |
يَلْحُمَ yalḥuma |
تَلْحُمَا talḥumā |
يَلْحُمَا yalḥumā |
نَلْحُمَ nalḥuma |
تَلْحُمُوا talḥumū |
يَلْحُمُوا yalḥumū | |||
f | تَلْحُمِي talḥumī |
تَلْحُمَ talḥuma |
تَلْحُمَا talḥumā |
تَلْحُمْنَ talḥumna |
يَلْحُمْنَ yalḥumna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَلْحُمْ ʾalḥum |
تَلْحُمْ talḥum |
يَلْحُمْ yalḥum |
تَلْحُمَا talḥumā |
يَلْحُمَا yalḥumā |
نَلْحُمْ nalḥum |
تَلْحُمُوا talḥumū |
يَلْحُمُوا yalḥumū | |||
f | تَلْحُمِي talḥumī |
تَلْحُمْ talḥum |
تَلْحُمَا talḥumā |
تَلْحُمْنَ talḥumna |
يَلْحُمْنَ yalḥumna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اُلْحُمْ ulḥum |
اُلْحُمَا ulḥumā |
اُلْحُمُوا ulḥumū |
||||||||
f | اُلْحُمِي ulḥumī |
اُلْحُمْنَ ulḥumna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لُحِمْتُ luḥimtu |
لُحِمْتَ luḥimta |
لُحِمَ luḥima |
لُحِمْتُمَا luḥimtumā |
لُحِمَا luḥimā |
لُحِمْنَا luḥimnā |
لُحِمْتُمْ luḥimtum |
لُحِمُوا luḥimū | |||
f | لُحِمْتِ luḥimti |
لُحِمَتْ luḥimat |
لُحِمَتَا luḥimatā |
لُحِمْتُنَّ luḥimtunna |
لُحِمْنَ luḥimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | أُلْحَمُ ʾulḥamu |
تُلْحَمُ tulḥamu |
يُلْحَمُ yulḥamu |
تُلْحَمَانِ tulḥamāni |
يُلْحَمَانِ yulḥamāni |
نُلْحَمُ nulḥamu |
تُلْحَمُونَ tulḥamūna |
يُلْحَمُونَ yulḥamūna | |||
f | تُلْحَمِينَ tulḥamīna |
تُلْحَمُ tulḥamu |
تُلْحَمَانِ tulḥamāni |
تُلْحَمْنَ tulḥamna |
يُلْحَمْنَ yulḥamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلْحَمَ ʾulḥama |
تُلْحَمَ tulḥama |
يُلْحَمَ yulḥama |
تُلْحَمَا tulḥamā |
يُلْحَمَا yulḥamā |
نُلْحَمَ nulḥama |
تُلْحَمُوا tulḥamū |
يُلْحَمُوا yulḥamū | |||
f | تُلْحَمِي tulḥamī |
تُلْحَمَ tulḥama |
تُلْحَمَا tulḥamā |
تُلْحَمْنَ tulḥamna |
يُلْحَمْنَ yulḥamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلْحَمْ ʾulḥam |
تُلْحَمْ tulḥam |
يُلْحَمْ yulḥam |
تُلْحَمَا tulḥamā |
يُلْحَمَا yulḥamā |
نُلْحَمْ nulḥam |
تُلْحَمُوا tulḥamū |
يُلْحَمُوا yulḥamū | |||
f | تُلْحَمِي tulḥamī |
تُلْحَمْ tulḥam |
تُلْحَمَا tulḥamā |
تُلْحَمْنَ tulḥamna |
يُلْحَمْنَ yulḥamna |
Pronunciation 2
- IPA(key): /la.ħi.ma/
Conjugation
Conjugation of
لَحِمَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun لَحَم)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
لَحَم laḥam | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
لَاحِم lāḥim | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لَحِمْتُ laḥimtu |
لَحِمْتَ laḥimta |
لَحِمَ laḥima |
لَحِمْتُمَا laḥimtumā |
لَحِمَا laḥimā |
لَحِمْنَا laḥimnā |
لَحِمْتُمْ laḥimtum |
لَحِمُوا laḥimū | |||
f | لَحِمْتِ laḥimti |
لَحِمَتْ laḥimat |
لَحِمَتَا laḥimatā |
لَحِمْتُنَّ laḥimtunna |
لَحِمْنَ laḥimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | أَلْحَمُ ʾalḥamu |
تَلْحَمُ talḥamu |
يَلْحَمُ yalḥamu |
تَلْحَمَانِ talḥamāni |
يَلْحَمَانِ yalḥamāni |
نَلْحَمُ nalḥamu |
تَلْحَمُونَ talḥamūna |
يَلْحَمُونَ yalḥamūna | |||
f | تَلْحَمِينَ talḥamīna |
تَلْحَمُ talḥamu |
تَلْحَمَانِ talḥamāni |
تَلْحَمْنَ talḥamna |
يَلْحَمْنَ yalḥamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَلْحَمَ ʾalḥama |
تَلْحَمَ talḥama |
يَلْحَمَ yalḥama |
تَلْحَمَا talḥamā |
يَلْحَمَا yalḥamā |
نَلْحَمَ nalḥama |
تَلْحَمُوا talḥamū |
يَلْحَمُوا yalḥamū | |||
f | تَلْحَمِي talḥamī |
تَلْحَمَ talḥama |
تَلْحَمَا talḥamā |
تَلْحَمْنَ talḥamna |
يَلْحَمْنَ yalḥamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَلْحَمْ ʾalḥam |
تَلْحَمْ talḥam |
يَلْحَمْ yalḥam |
تَلْحَمَا talḥamā |
يَلْحَمَا yalḥamā |
نَلْحَمْ nalḥam |
تَلْحَمُوا talḥamū |
يَلْحَمُوا yalḥamū | |||
f | تَلْحَمِي talḥamī |
تَلْحَمْ talḥam |
تَلْحَمَا talḥamā |
تَلْحَمْنَ talḥamna |
يَلْحَمْنَ yalḥamna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِلْحَمْ ilḥam |
اِلْحَمَا ilḥamā |
اِلْحَمُوا ilḥamū |
||||||||
f | اِلْحَمِي ilḥamī |
اِلْحَمْنَ ilḥamna |
Pronunciation 3
- IPA(key): /laħ.ħa.ma/
Conjugation
Conjugation of
لَحَّمَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
تَلْحِيم talḥīm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُلَحِّم mulaḥḥim | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُلَحَّم mulaḥḥam | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لَحَّمْتُ laḥḥamtu |
لَحَّمْتَ laḥḥamta |
لَحَّمَ laḥḥama |
لَحَّمْتُمَا laḥḥamtumā |
لَحَّمَا laḥḥamā |
لَحَّمْنَا laḥḥamnā |
لَحَّمْتُمْ laḥḥamtum |
لَحَّمُوا laḥḥamū | |||
f | لَحَّمْتِ laḥḥamti |
لَحَّمَتْ laḥḥamat |
لَحَّمَتَا laḥḥamatā |
لَحَّمْتُنَّ laḥḥamtunna |
لَحَّمْنَ laḥḥamna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | أُلَحِّمُ ʾulaḥḥimu |
تُلَحِّمُ tulaḥḥimu |
يُلَحِّمُ yulaḥḥimu |
تُلَحِّمَانِ tulaḥḥimāni |
يُلَحِّمَانِ yulaḥḥimāni |
نُلَحِّمُ nulaḥḥimu |
تُلَحِّمُونَ tulaḥḥimūna |
يُلَحِّمُونَ yulaḥḥimūna | |||
f | تُلَحِّمِينَ tulaḥḥimīna |
تُلَحِّمُ tulaḥḥimu |
تُلَحِّمَانِ tulaḥḥimāni |
تُلَحِّمْنَ tulaḥḥimna |
يُلَحِّمْنَ yulaḥḥimna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلَحِّمَ ʾulaḥḥima |
تُلَحِّمَ tulaḥḥima |
يُلَحِّمَ yulaḥḥima |
تُلَحِّمَا tulaḥḥimā |
يُلَحِّمَا yulaḥḥimā |
نُلَحِّمَ nulaḥḥima |
تُلَحِّمُوا tulaḥḥimū |
يُلَحِّمُوا yulaḥḥimū | |||
f | تُلَحِّمِي tulaḥḥimī |
تُلَحِّمَ tulaḥḥima |
تُلَحِّمَا tulaḥḥimā |
تُلَحِّمْنَ tulaḥḥimna |
يُلَحِّمْنَ yulaḥḥimna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلَحِّمْ ʾulaḥḥim |
تُلَحِّمْ tulaḥḥim |
يُلَحِّمْ yulaḥḥim |
تُلَحِّمَا tulaḥḥimā |
يُلَحِّمَا yulaḥḥimā |
نُلَحِّمْ nulaḥḥim |
تُلَحِّمُوا tulaḥḥimū |
يُلَحِّمُوا yulaḥḥimū | |||
f | تُلَحِّمِي tulaḥḥimī |
تُلَحِّمْ tulaḥḥim |
تُلَحِّمَا tulaḥḥimā |
تُلَحِّمْنَ tulaḥḥimna |
يُلَحِّمْنَ yulaḥḥimna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | لَحِّمْ laḥḥim |
لَحِّمَا laḥḥimā |
لَحِّمُوا laḥḥimū |
||||||||
f | لَحِّمِي laḥḥimī |
لَحِّمْنَ laḥḥimna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | لُحِّمْتُ luḥḥimtu |
لُحِّمْتَ luḥḥimta |
لُحِّمَ luḥḥima |
لُحِّمْتُمَا luḥḥimtumā |
لُحِّمَا luḥḥimā |
لُحِّمْنَا luḥḥimnā |
لُحِّمْتُمْ luḥḥimtum |
لُحِّمُوا luḥḥimū | |||
f | لُحِّمْتِ luḥḥimti |
لُحِّمَتْ luḥḥimat |
لُحِّمَتَا luḥḥimatā |
لُحِّمْتُنَّ luḥḥimtunna |
لُحِّمْنَ luḥḥimna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع |
m | أُلَحَّمُ ʾulaḥḥamu |
تُلَحَّمُ tulaḥḥamu |
يُلَحَّمُ yulaḥḥamu |
تُلَحَّمَانِ tulaḥḥamāni |
يُلَحَّمَانِ yulaḥḥamāni |
نُلَحَّمُ nulaḥḥamu |
تُلَحَّمُونَ tulaḥḥamūna |
يُلَحَّمُونَ yulaḥḥamūna | |||
f | تُلَحَّمِينَ tulaḥḥamīna |
تُلَحَّمُ tulaḥḥamu |
تُلَحَّمَانِ tulaḥḥamāni |
تُلَحَّمْنَ tulaḥḥamna |
يُلَحَّمْنَ yulaḥḥamna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُلَحَّمَ ʾulaḥḥama |
تُلَحَّمَ tulaḥḥama |
يُلَحَّمَ yulaḥḥama |
تُلَحَّمَا tulaḥḥamā |
يُلَحَّمَا yulaḥḥamā |
نُلَحَّمَ nulaḥḥama |
تُلَحَّمُوا tulaḥḥamū |
يُلَحَّمُوا yulaḥḥamū | |||
f | تُلَحَّمِي tulaḥḥamī |
تُلَحَّمَ tulaḥḥama |
تُلَحَّمَا tulaḥḥamā |
تُلَحَّمْنَ tulaḥḥamna |
يُلَحَّمْنَ yulaḥḥamna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُلَحَّمْ ʾulaḥḥam |
تُلَحَّمْ tulaḥḥam |
يُلَحَّمْ yulaḥḥam |
تُلَحَّمَا tulaḥḥamā |
يُلَحَّمَا yulaḥḥamā |
نُلَحَّمْ nulaḥḥam |
تُلَحَّمُوا tulaḥḥamū |
يُلَحَّمُوا yulaḥḥamū | |||
f | تُلَحَّمِي tulaḥḥamī |
تُلَحَّمْ tulaḥḥam |
تُلَحَّمَا tulaḥḥamā |
تُلَحَّمْنَ tulaḥḥamna |
يُلَحَّمْنَ yulaḥḥamna |
References
- Freytag, Georg (1837), “لحم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 92–93
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “لحم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen, page 912
- Wehr, Hans; Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “لحم”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1147
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