干戈

Chinese

		to concern; to interfere; shield to concern; to interfere; shield; stem	spear
simp. and trad. (干戈)		干	戈

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāngē

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢㄍㄜ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹ gwo¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kôn-khô
Min Nan (POJ): kan-ko͘ / kan-ko

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: gāngē
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢㄍㄜ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gange
  - IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gon¹ gwo¹
  - Yale: gōn gwō
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹ gwo¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gon¹ guo¹
  - IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn-khô
  - Hakka Romanization System: gon´ ko´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gon¹ ko¹
  - IPA: /kon²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko͘
  - Tâi-lô: kan-koo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kankof
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko
  - Tâi-lô: kan-ko
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kankoy
  - IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

Noun

干戈

the weapons of war; arms
(figuratively) the chaos of war; battle

Derived terms

化干戈為玉帛／化干戈为玉帛 (huà gāngē wéi yùbó)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (干戈):

→ Japanese: 干 (かん)戈 (か) (kanka)
→ Korean: 간과 (干戈, gan-gwa)
→ Vietnamese: can qua (干戈)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
干	戈
かん Grade: 6	か Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Etymology

/kankwa/ → /kanka/

From Middle Chinese compound 干戈 (kan kwa, literally “shield + polearm, spear”).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) かんか [káꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA^(key): [kã̠ŋka̠]

Noun

干戈 (hiragana かんか, rōmaji kanka, historical hiragana かんくわ)

literally “shields and spears”: a metaphor for weaponry or military force
conflict

Idioms

Idioms

干戈に訴える (かんかにうったえる, kanka ni uttaeru): a call to arms
干戈を動かす (かんかをうごかす, kanka o ugokasu): mobilize for war
干戈を収める (かんかをおさめる, kanka o osameru) / 干戈を箱に入れ弓を袋に入る (かんかをはこにいれゆみをふくろにいる, kanka o hako ni ire yumi o fukuro ni iru): disarm, demobilize, return to peace
干戈を交える (かんかをまじえる, kanka o majieru): cross swords, exchange hostilities, fight

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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