窪む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 窪 |
| くぼ Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
Etymology 1
Verb derived from noun 窪 / 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a depression”)[1] + verbalizing suffix む (mu, “seeming like, becoming like”).
Alternative forms
Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 窪ま | くぼま | kuboma |
| Continuative (連用形) | 窪み | くぼみ | kubomi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 窪む | くぼむ | kubomu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 窪む | くぼむ | kubomu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 窪め | くぼめ | kubome |
| Imperative (命令形) | 窪め | くぼめ | kubome |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 窪まれる | くぼまれる | kubomareru |
| Causative | 窪ませる 窪ます |
くぼませる くぼます |
kubomaseru kubomasu |
| Potential | 窪める | くぼめる | kubomeru |
| Volitional | 窪もう | くぼもう | kubomō |
| Negative | 窪まない | くぼまない | kubomanai |
| Negative continuative | 窪まず | くぼまず | kubomazu |
| Formal | 窪みます | くぼみます | kubomimasu |
| Perfective | 窪んだ | くぼんだ | kubonda |
| Conjunctive | 窪んで | くぼんで | kubonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 窪めば | くぼめば | kubomeba |
Usage notes
The transitive form is 窪める / 凹める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown incorrectly in the table above.
The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternate spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ.
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 窪 |
| いし Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
Appears in texts from the Muromachi period.[1]
Ultimate derivation unclear. May be derived from adjective 美しい (ishii), which was used ironically to mean the opposite of its usual positive connotations.
Alternative forms
- 窳む
Verb
窪む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いしむ, rōmaji ishimu)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 窪ま | いしま | ishima |
| Continuative (連用形) | 窪み | いしみ | ishimi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 窪む | いしむ | ishimu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 窪む | いしむ | ishimu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 窪め | いしめ | ishime |
| Imperative (命令形) | 窪め | いしめ | ishime |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 窪まれる | いしまれる | ishimareru |
| Causative | 窪ませる 窪ます |
いしませる いします |
ishimaseru ishimasu |
| Potential | 窪める | いしめる | ishimeru |
| Volitional | 窪もう | いしもう | ishimō |
| Negative | 窪まない | いしまない | ishimanai |
| Negative continuative | 窪まず | いしまず | ishimazu |
| Formal | 窪みます | いしみます | ishimimasu |
| Perfective | 窪んだ | いしんだ | ishinda |
| Conjunctive | 窪んで | いしんで | ishinde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 窪めば | いしめば | ishimeba |
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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