凹
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Translingual
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Han character
凹 (radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 77770)
References
- KangXi: page 135, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
- Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 308, character 3
- Unihan data for U+51F9
Japanese
Readings
- Go-on: よう (yō)←えふ (efu, historical)
- Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←あふ (afu, historical)
- Kun: くぼ (kubo, 凹); くぼい (kuboi, 凹い); くぼか (kuboka, 凹か); くぼむ (kubomu, 凹む); くぼみ (kubomi, 凹み); くぼみ (kubomi); くぼめる (kubomeru, 凹める); くぼまる (kubomaru, 凹まる); くぼます (kubomasu, 凹ます); くぼませる (kubomaseru, 凹ませる); くぼやか (kuboyaka, 凹やか); なかくぼ (nakakubo); へこむ (hekomu, 凹む); へこみ (hekomi, 凹み); へこみ (hekomi, 凹); ぼこ (boko, 凹)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
おう Grade: S |
on’yomi |
/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC ʔˠɛp̚). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.
Usage notes
The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.
Compounds
- 凹角 (ōkaku): a reflex angle
- 凹型 (ōgata): a die or other three-dimensional shape having a concave cross-section
- 凹形 (ōkei): a concave shape
- 凹状 (ōjō): concavity
- 凹多角形 (ō takakukei): a polygon with at least one internal reflex angle
- 凹地 (ōchi): an area where the ground is noticeable lower than the surrounding area
- 凹凸 (ōtotsu): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
- 凹凸画 (ōtotsu ga): a style of Sui-Dynasty wall painting using trompe l'œil techniques to look three-dimensional
- 凹凸レンズ (ōtotsu renzu): a concavo-convex lens
- 凹版 (ōhan): an intaglio
- 凹版印刷 (ōhan insatsu): intaglio printing
- 凹面 (ōmen): a concave surface
- 凹面鏡 (ōmenkyō): a concave mirror
- 準凹 (jun'ō): quasiconcavity
- 凸凹 (totsuō, “totsuō”): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
- 凸凹瘢痕 (totsuō hankon): an uneven scar
- 凸凹レンズ (totsuō renzu): a convexo-concave lens
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
くぼ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.
Pronunciation
Alternative forms
Noun
- an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
- (slang) female genitalia, the vagina
Derived terms
- 窪い, 凹い (kuboi): hollowed out, indented; of low status, mean
- 窪か, 凹か (kuboka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
- 窪む, 凹む (kubomu): to become hollowed out or indented; to hollow out or indent something; to sink inwardly, to collapse inwardly; to fall upon hard times, to become poor
- 窪み, 窪, 凹み, 凹 (kubomi): see below
- 窪まる, 凹まる (kubomaru): to become hollowed out or indented; to squat for a while, to sink into a crouch
- 窪める, 凹める (kubomeru): to make something sink or collapse inwardly; to dent something; to make something into a hollowed out shape
- 窪やか, 凹やか (kuboyaka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
- 窪窪, 凹凹 (kubokubo): in a hollowed out or indented way
- 窪地, 凹地 (kubochi): a hollow, a dip, a depression or low spot in the ground
- 窪田, 凹田 (kubota): a paddy or wet field in a low place
- 窪目, 窪眼, 凹目, 凹眼 (kubome): deep-set eyes, sunken eyes
- 窪溜, 凹溜 (kubotamari): a low place where water tends to gather
- 笑窪, 靨 (ekubo): a dimple, particularly one from smiling
- 大窪, 大久保 (Ōkubo): a surname
- 落窪, 落ち窪 (ochikubo): a dip in the floor or ground
- 手窪, 手凹 (tekubo); 手の窪, 手の凹 (te no kubo): a cupped hand; a rice ball; eating rice by hand; a one-night stand, a fling or short-term romance
- 中窪, 凹 (nakakubo): see below
- 盆の窪 (bon no kubo): the hollow of the nape of the neck; a hairstyle for infants in the Edo period, shaving the whole head except for a small area on the nape of the neck
- 目窪, 目凹 (mekubo): sunken eyes; a person with sunken or deep-set eyes
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
くぼみ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) + む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).[3]
Alternative forms
- 窪み, 窪, 凹み
Derived terms
- 凹石 (kubomi ishi), 窪石 (kubomi ishi): an artifact from the Jōmon period, consisting of a flat stone with one to several indentations, of uncertain utility but thought to be used to help start fires
Usage notes
The 凹み or 窪み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
なかくぼ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) + 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).[3][1][4]
Pronunciation
Alternative forms
- 中窪
Usage notes
The 中窪 spelling is more common.
Synonyms
- 中低 (nakabiku)
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
へこみ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) + 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).[3]
Alternative forms
- 凹み (hekomi)
Noun
凹 (hiragana へこみ, rōmaji hekomi)
Usage notes
The 凹み (hekomi) spelling is more common.
Synonyms
Etymology 6
Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
ぼこ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).
Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).
Derived terms
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Vietnamese
Han character
凹 (ao)
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