艱

See also: 艰
艱 U+8271, 艱
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8271
← 艰
[U+8270] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 色 →
[U+8272]

Translingual

Han character

艱 (radical 138, 艮+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 47532, composition ⿰𦰩艮)

  1. difficult, hard
  2. distressing

References
  • KangXi: page 1013, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3171, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8271

Chinese
trad. 艱
simp. 艰

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
艱 *krɯːn
齦 *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼 *ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝 *ɡrɯːn
限 *ɡrɯːnʔ
硍 *ɡrɯːnʔ
豤 *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪 *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根 *kɯːn
跟 *kɯːn
珢 *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮 *kɯːns
茛 *kɯːns
墾 *kʰɯːnʔ
懇 *kʰɯːnʔ
垠 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕 *ɡɯːn
拫 *ɡɯːn
鞎 *ɡɯːn
很 *ɡɯːnʔ
恨 *ɡɯːns
銀 *ŋrɯn
檭 *ŋrɯn

Pronunciation
Note:
  • kan - literary;
  • kian - vernacular.
Rime
Character 艱
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 山 (73)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古閑切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kəɨn/
Li
Rong		 /kɛn/
Wang
Li		 /kæn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiān
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 艱
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kɛn ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁrə[r]/
English difficulty

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 艱
Reading # 1/1
No. 3912
Phonetic
component		 艮
Rime
group		 文
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 閒
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯːn/

Definitions

艱

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds
  • 丁內艱／丁内艰
  • 丁外艱／丁外艰
  • 丁艱／丁艰
  • 人艱不拆／人艰不拆 (rénjiānbùchāi)
  • 備嘗艱苦／备尝艰苦
  • 內艱／内艰
  • 共體時艱／共体时艰
  • 創業維艱／创业维艰
  • 國困民艱／国困民艰
  • 國步艱難／国步艰难
  • 外艱／外艰
  • 委重投艱／委重投艰
  • 時艱／时艰 (shíjiān)

Japanese

Kanji
艱

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings
  • Go-on: けん (ken)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan)
  • Kun: なやむ (nayamu, 艱む); かたい (katai, 艱い); なやみ (nayami)

Korean

Hanja

艱 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

艱 (gian)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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