-ᅀᆞᇦ-
Middle Korean
Alternative forms
| Followed by consonant | Followed by vowel | |
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by /-k, -p, -s/ | ᄉᆞᆸ〯 (-sǒp) | ᄉᆞᇦ 〮 (-sòW◌́) |
| Preceded by /-t/ | ᄌᆞᆸ〯 (-cǒp) | ᄌᆞᇦ 〮 (-còW◌́) |
| Preceded by /-h/ | ᄊᆞᆸ〯 (-sǒp) | ᄊᆞᇦ 〮 (-ssòW◌́) |
| Preceded by a sonorant consonant or vowel | ᅀᆞᆸ〯 (-zǒp) | ᅀᆞᇦ 〮 (-zòW◌́) |
After the mid-fifteenth century, Middle Korean ᄫ /β/ lenited to /w/, producing the following alternative forms for the pre-vowel allomorphs:
| Followed by yang-vowel | Followed by yang-vowel |
|---|---|
| ᄉᆞ오〮 (-sòw(ó)) | ᄉᆞ우〮 (-sòw(ú)) |
| ᄌᆞ오〮 (-còw(ó)) | ᄌᆞ우〮 (-còw(ú)) |
| ᅀᆞ오〮 (-zòw(ó)) | ᅀᆞ우〮 (-zòw(ú)) |
Etymology
From Old Korean 白 (*SOLPO-).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /zʌβ˨˦/ (underlying form)
- IPA(key): [zʌ˨β˦~zʌ˨w˦] (after a sonorant and before a vowel)
- IPA(key): [zʌp̚˨˦] (after a sonorant and before a consonant)
- IPA(key): [sʌ˨β˦~sʌ˨w˦] (after /-k, -p, -s/ and before a vowel)
- IPA(key): [sʌp̚˨˦] (after /-k, -p, -s/ and before a consonant)
- IPA(key): [s͈ʌ˨β˦~s͈ʌ˨w˦] (after /-h/ and before a vowel)
- IPA(key): [s͈ʌp̚˨˦] (after /-h/ and before a consonant)
- IPA(key): [d͡zʌ˨β˦~d͡zʌ˨w˦] (after /-t/ and before a vowel)
- IPA(key): [d͡zʌp̚˨˦] (after /-t/ and before a consonant)
Suffix
-ᅀᆞᇦ- (-zoW-)
- A verbal suffix honoring the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb.
Usage notes
- Contrast with 시〮 (sí), in which the speaker honors the subject, and ᅌᅵ (ngì), in which the speaker honors the addressee.
Descendants
- Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)
- Korean: 옵 (-op-), 오 (-o-)
- ⇒ Korean: 습니다 (-seumnida), ㅂ니다 (-mnida)
- ⇒ Korean: 습니까 (-seumnikka), ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)
- ⇒ Korean: 습디다 (-seupdida, dated), ㅂ디다 (-pdida)
- ⇒ Korean: 습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)
- ⇒ Korean: 오 (-o, semi-formal speech level suffix)
- ⇒ Korean: 요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)
See also
| Middle Korean verbal paradigm | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verb stem | Slot 1 Object honorific | Slot 2 Past-related TAM | Slot 3 Subject honorific | Slot 4 Present tense | Slot 5 Modulator | Slot 6 Prospective |
| ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW) | 더 (-te, imperfective) 아/어 (-a/-e, perfective) 거 (-ke, perfective) | 시 (-si)1 | ᄂᆞ (-no) | 오/우 (-wo/-wu) | 리 (-li)1 | |
| Slot 7 Exclamatory2 | (Slot 8) (Retrospective)3 | (Slot 9) (Modulator)4 | Slot 10 Definitive | Slot 11 Addressee honorific | Slot 12 Sentence ender | |
| 도 (-two) 돗 (-twos) ㅅ (-s) 애/에 (-ay/-ey) others | 더 (-te) | 오/우 (-wo/-wu) | 니 (-ni)1 | ᅌᅵ (-ngi, very deferential)1 ㆁ (-ng, deferential) | See Template:okm-sentence enders | |
| Examples | ||||||
| 기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ시니ᅌᅵ다 (kilu-zoW-o-si-ni-ngi-ta, “[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].”, 月印釋譜 10:19) 주그리로소ᅌᅵ다 (cwuk-u-li-lwo[two]-s-wo-ngi-ta, “[I] shall die, [o honored one]!”, 月印釋譜 21:22) 살어리랏다 (sal-Ge[ke]-li-las-ta, “[I feel that] I would be living!”, 靑山別曲) | ||||||
| ᄒᆞ더시라 (ho-te-si-la, “[the honored one] was doing”) ᄒᆞ시리라 (ho-si-li-la, “[the honored one] shall do”) ᄒᆞ시리러라 (ho-si-li-le[te]-la, “[the honored one] would be doing”) | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||
| 1 Preceded by a minimal vowel interfix, ㆍ (-o-) or ㅡ (-u-), after a consonant-final suffix 2 These suffixes are complex. Several of them fuse non-exclamatory suffixes, causing problems in the paradigm if they are broken down into their bare components. For instance, the easily segmentable 샷 (sy-as, subject honorific + exclamatory) behaves as a single unit with regards to suffixing order: ᄒᆞ리샷다 (ho-li-syas-ta, “[the honored one] shall do!”) rather than the expected *ᄒᆞ시릿다 (*ho-si-li-s-ta). Similarly, while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive, the exclamatory version of the former has been attested as co-occurring with the latter. In the context of this table, it is therefore more appropriate to consider such fused suffixes as single exclamatory morphemes that also carry other information. 3 Takes this position if Slot 6 (prospective) is filled, or after the exclamatory suffix 돗 (-twos). 4 Unusual position, primarily taken when Slot 7 (exclamatory) is filled. The list is not exhaustive. Many suffixes are mutually exclusive. | ||||||
References
- 김현주 (Kim Hyeon-ju) (2014) , “선어말어미 {ᄉᆞᆸ}의 연구 성과와 쟁점 [Findings and key topics in the study of the verb-internal suffix -sop-]”, in Gugeosa yeon-gu, volume 19, pages 65—99
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