Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *arbaidiz (“labour, work, toil, hardship, suffering”) +‎ *-janą (“a verb suffix”).

Verb

*arbaidijaną

to work

Inflection

Conjugation of *arbaidijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*arbaidijō	*arbaidijaų	—	*arbaidijai	*?
2nd singular	*arbaidīsi	*arbaidijais	*arbaidī	*arbaidijasai	*arbaidijaisau
3rd singular	*arbaidīþi	*arbaidijai	*arbaidijaþau	*arbaidijaþai	*arbaidijaiþau
1st dual	*arbaidijōs	*arbaidijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*arbaidijaþiz	*arbaidijaiþiz	*arbaidijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*arbaidijamaz	*arbaidijaim	—	*arbaidijanþai	*arbaidijainþau
2nd plural	*arbaidīþ	*arbaidijaiþ	*arbaidīþ	*arbaidijanþai	*arbaidijainþau
3rd plural	*arbaidijanþi	*arbaidijain	*arbaidijanþau	*arbaidijanþai	*arbaidijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*arbaididǭ	*arbaididēdį̄
2nd singular	*arbaididēz	*arbaididēdīz
3rd singular	*arbaididē	*arbaididēdī
1st dual	*arbaididēdū	*arbaididēdīw
2nd dual	*arbaididēdudiz	*arbaididēdīdiz
1st plural	*arbaididēdum	*arbaididēdīm
2nd plural	*arbaididēdud	*arbaididēdīd
3rd plural	*arbaididēdun	*arbaididēdīn

	present	past
participles	*arbaidijandz	*arbaididaz

Descendants

Old Frisian: [Term?]
- Saterland Frisian: oarbaidje
- West Frisian: arbeidzje
Old Saxon: arvēdian (“to offer”)
- Middle Low German: arbeiden (“to work”)
  - Low German: arbeiden, arbaiden
  - → Old Swedish: arbeida, arbeta
    - Swedish: arbeta (“to work”)
  - → Danish: arbejde (“to work”)
  - → Norwegian:
    - Norwegian Bokmål: arbeide (“to work”)
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: arbeida, arbeide (“to work”)
  - → Faroese: arbeiða (“to work”)
  - → Westrobothnian: arbait (“to work”)
Old Dutch: [Term?]
- Middle Dutch: arbeiden
  - Dutch: arbeiden (“to work”)
Old High German: arabeitjan, arabeiton, arabeiten, arbeiten
- Middle High German: arebeiten, arbeiten
  - Bavarian: arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, orbeita
    Cimbrian: arbatn
  - Central Franconian:
    Kölsch: arbigge
  - German: arbeiten (“to work”)
  - Yiddish: אַרבעטן‎ (arbetn, “to work”)
Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arbaidjan, “to work, toil, strive, struggle”)

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