Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gaistaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéysd-os, from *ǵʰeysd- (“anger, agitation”). Cognate with Sanskrit हेड (héḍa).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑi̯s.tɑz/

Noun

*gaistaz m

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *gaistaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gaistaz	gaistōz, gaistōs
vocative	*gaist	gaistōz, gaistōs
accusative	*gaistą	*gaistanz
genitive	gaistas, gaistis	*gaistǫ̂
dative	*gaistai	*gaistamaz
instrumental	*gaistō	*gaistamiz

Related terms

*gaisijaną
*gīsnaną
*gudīgaz

Descendants

Old English: gāst, gǣst
- Middle English: gast, gost
  - English: ghost, ghastly
  - Scots: gast, gaist, ghaist
Old Frisian: gāst, gast, jēst, iest
- Saterland Frisian: Gast, Gäist
- West Frisian: geast
- Old East Frisian: gâst
  - Saterland Frisian: Gast, Gäist
  - → Old Swedish: gaster (possibly)
    - Swedish: gast
- → Old Danish: gast (not specified from which Frisian language, might be from Middle Low German)
  - Danish: gast
Old Saxon: gēst, *gast
- Middle Low German: gêst, geist
  - German Low German: Geest, Geist
  - Low German: geest
  - Plautdietsch: Jeist
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: gast
  - → Old Danish: gast (or from Frisian)
    - Danish: gast
Old Dutch: geist, *gēst, gast
- Middle Dutch: gheest, geest
  - Dutch: geest
    - Afrikaans: gees
Old High German: geist, keist
- Middle High German: geist
  - German: Geist
    - → English: geist
    - → Danish: gejst
    - → Swedish: geist
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: geist
    - ⇒ German: begeistern
      - → Dutch: begeesteren (calque)
      - → Danish: begejstre
      - → Norwegian Bokmål: begeistre
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: begeistre, begeistra (or < Danish)
      - ⇒ German: begeistert
        → Swedish: begeistrad
  - Luxembourgish: Geescht
  - Yiddish: גײַסט‎ (gayst)

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