Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaftaz

From Proto-Indo-European *skeh₂p- (“rod, shaft, staff, club”), potentially from a root *(s)ke(H)p- (“to strike, beat”). Compare Proto-Slavic *kopьje (“spear, javelin”), Ancient Greek σκῆπτρον (skêptron, “staff, baton”) and Latin scapus (“shaft”), which Albanian shkop (“stick”) may also derive from or merely be cognate with.

• IPA^(key): /ˈskɑɸ.tɑz/

*skaftaz m

1. shaft

• Old English: sċeaft
  • Middle English: scaft / schaft / shaft (the sense "mining tunnel" may have been acquired from Middle Low German)
    • Scots: schaft, shaft
    • English: shaft
• Old Frisian: skeft
  • Saterland Frisian: Schacht, Skacht
  • West Frisian: skaft
• Old Saxon: skaft
  • Middle Low German: schacht
    • Low German: Schacht ("pole", "mining tunnel"), Schecht ("boot-leg")
    • Dutch Low Saxon: schacht
    • Plautdietsch: Scheft ("pole"); Schajcht ("boot-leg")
    • Middle High German: schacht → German: Schacht ("mining tunnel"; forms a doublet with Schaft)
      • Belarusian шахта (šaxta)
      • Czech: šachta (alternatively, perhaps directly from Low German)
      • Esperanto ŝakto
      • Estonian: šaht
      • Polish: szacht
        • Russian: шахта (šákhta)
          • Kazakh: шахта (şaxta)
      • Serbo-Croatian: šȁht ("manhole")
      • Slovak: šachta (alternatively, perhaps directly from Low German)
      • Swedish: schakt ("mining tunnel"; forms a doublet with skaft)
      • Ukrainian шахта (šaxta) (alternatively, perhaps via Polish)
• Old Dutch: skaft
  • Middle Dutch: schacht, schaft
    • Dutch: schacht, schaft (archaic)
      • Afrikaans: skag
• Old High German: skaft
  • Middle High German: schaft
    • German: Schaft ("pole", "boot-leg"; forms a doublet with Schacht)
• Old Norse: skapt
  • Icelandic: skaft
  • Norwegian:
    • Bokmål: skaft
    • Nynorsk: skaft
  • Old Swedish: skapt, skaft
    • Swedish: skaft ("pole"; forms a doublet with schakt)
  • Danish: skaft