Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From the name of a southern Gaulish tribe, the Volcae. Historically the tribe's name has been linked to an animal, possibly Proto-Celtic *wolkos (“hawk”) (cf. the personal names Gaulish Catuvolcus and Welsh Cadwalch (literally “Battle-hawk”)), or alternatively (but less likely[1]) Proto-Celtic *ulkʷos (“wolf”), in turn from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos, as Caesar described the Celts having fought with huge dogs.[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwɑl.xɑz/

Noun

*walhaz m

foreigner, a non-Germanic person (a Celt, later also a Roman)

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *walhaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*walhaz	walhōz, walhōs
vocative	*walh	walhōz, walhōs
accusative	*walhą	*walhanz
genitive	walhas, walhis	*walhǫ̂
dative	*walhai	*walhamaz
instrumental	*walhō	*walhamiz

Derived terms

*walhahnuts
*walhastudaz
*walhiskaz

Descendants

Old English: wealh
- Middle English: wale
  - English: Wales, Cornwall
Old Frankish: *walh
- Old Dutch: *Wala, *Wale
  - Middle Dutch: Wale
    - Dutch: Waal
- Old French: Gaule
  - French: Gaule
  - English: Gaul
- Walloon: walon, Walon
- French: wallon, Wallon
  - English: Walloon
Old High German: walh, walah
- Middle High German: walch
  - German: Walchen pl, Walen pl (in placenames)
Norse: ᚹᚨᛚᚺᚨᚲᚢᚱᚾᛖ (walhakurne) (dative singular of a compound meaning "foreign grain", taken to be a kenning for "gold", attested on the Tjurkö 1 bracteate)
- Old Norse: Valr (attested only in the plural Valir)
  - Faroese: val-
  - Old Swedish: val, valar pl
Slavic: *volxъ
- English: Vlach, Wallachia (borrowed)
Hungarian: olasz, oláh

References

Patrizia de Bernardo (2008), "Linguistically Celtic Ethnonyms: towards a classification", in: Juan Luís García Alonso (ed.), Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe, Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p. 103
Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico

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[1] Patrizia de Bernardo (2008), "Linguistically Celtic Ethnonyms: towards a classification", in: Juan Luís García Alonso (ed.), Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe, Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p. 103

[2] Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico