Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵneh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵneh₃- (perfective) [1]

to know

Derived terms

► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*%C7%B5neh%E2%82%83-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *ǵneh₃-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *ǵneh₃-</a>

*ǵiǵneh₃- (reduplicated present stem)
- Hellenic: [Term?]
  - Ancient Greek: γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō)
*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
*ǵneh₃- (root present)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *ծան- (*can-)
- Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei
  - Latgalian: zynuot
  - Latvian: zināt
  - Lithuanian: žinoti
  - Slavic: *znati (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
*ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
*ǵneh₃-ti-
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌‎ (zainti, “understanding”)
      - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /Zand/, “Zand of Avesta”)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
- Italic:
  - Latin: nōtiō
*ǵneh₃-meh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
    - Latin: grōma
      - English: groma
      - Portuguese: groma
*ǵnéh₃-mō
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn)
    - Latin: norma
*ǵneh₃-dʰl-
- Italic:
  - Latin: nōbilis
*ǵneh₃-ri-
- Italic:
  - Latin: glōria
*ǵn̥h₃-ro-
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώριμος (gnṓrimos)
- Italic:
  - Latin: gnārus, ignārus, ignōrō, nārrō
*ǵn̥h₃-wo-
- Italic:
  - Latin: gnāvus
Unsorted formations:
- Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵneh₁-, of unknown origin)
  - Old English: cnāwan
    - Middle English: knawen, knowen
      - Scots: knaw
      - English: know
      - Yola: knou, knouwe
  - Old Saxon: knāian, biknegan
  - Old High German: knājan, knāen, knāan, chnāan, chnāhan
  - Old Norse: kná (present indicative form) (a defective verb; present infinitive *knega is unattested)
    - Icelandic: knega

References

Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373

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[1] Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press