< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃erdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Possible reanalyzed root of *h₃er- (“to rise”) +‎ *-dʰh₁eti.[2]

Root

*h₃erdʰ- [1]

  1. to increase, grow
  2. upright, high

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *h₃erdʰ-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *h₃erdʰ-</a>
  • *h₃erdʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-néw-ti (nu-present)
    • Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
      • Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰnáwti
        • Sanskrit: ऋध्नोति (ṛdhnóti)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-yé-ti (ye-present)
    • Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dʰyáti
      • Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥dʰyáti
        • Sanskrit: ऋध्यति (ṛdhyáti)
  • *h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃érdʰ-éw-s[2][4]
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-ō-s[5]
    • Italic: *arðōs[5]
      • Latin: arbor (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-tó-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *Hr̥dᶻdʰás (“increased, thriving”)
      • Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥ddʰás
        • Sanskrit: ऋद्ध (ṛddhá)
  • *h₃r̥dʰ-wó-s[1][2][6][7][8]
    • Celtic: *ardwos (“high”)[9][6]
      • Old Irish: ard
      • Breton: arz
      • Cornish: arth
      • Welsh: ardd (“high; hill”)
    • Hellenic: *ortʰwós
      • Ancient Greek: ὀρθός (orthós, “upright, straight”)
      • Mycenaean Greek: 𐀃𐀵𐀺- (o-to-wo-), 𐀃𐀶𐀺- (o-tu-wo-), 𐀃𐁍𐀺- (o-two-wo- /ortʰwo-/)
    • Indo-Iranian: *r̥Hdʰwás (“high, upright”)[8] (see there for further descendants) (< laryngeal metathesis *r̥h₃dʰ-wó-s)
    • Italic: *arðwos[6]
      • Latin: arduus (“lofty, high, steep”)
Unsorted formations
  • Anatolian: [Term?]
    • Hittite: [script needed] (harduppi)
  • Tocharian: [Term?]

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “er(ə)d- (ₑr(ə)d-), er(ə)dh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 339
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*arduga-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 33-34
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “artkiye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 25
  4. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 292
  5. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arbor, -oris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 50
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “arduus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 52
  7. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “όρθός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1101
  8. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “іrdhvá-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  9. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ardwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 40-41
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