< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kʷer- [1][2]

  1. to do
  2. to make
  3. to build

Synonyms
  • *yeh₁- (“to do, make; act vigorously”)
  • *h₂er- (“to prepare, make ready”)

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*k%CA%B7er-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *kʷer-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *kʷer-</a>
  • *kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)[1][3]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)
      • Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)
    • Balto-Slavic: [Term?]
      • Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)
    • Celtic: *kʷert (“make, cause”)
      • Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)
      • Welsh: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)
    • Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)[1]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, “to cut off”, 2sg.imp.act.)
  • *kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (secondary intensive)[1]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)
    • Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥t
      • Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥t
        • Sanskrit: करिकृत् (kárikṛt)
  • *kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect)
    • Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra
  • *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)[1]
    • Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati
      • Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati
        • Sanskrit: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)
  • *kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)[1]
    • Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati
      • Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati
  • *kʷ-kʷr̥s-eti ~ *kʷ-kʷr̥s-onti[3]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, “to cut up, to mutilate”, part.)
  • *kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)[1]
    • Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
  • *kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)[1]
    • Anatolian: [Term?]
      • Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)
  • *kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns
    • Indo-Iranian: *kárma
  • *kʷér-ōr
    • Ancient Greek: πέλωρ (pélōr, “supernatural monster”)
  • *kʷór-o-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras
      • Iranian: *kā́rah
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (kʾl /kār/, “work, deed, affair”)
          • Persian: کار‎ (kār, “work”)
  • *kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš
      • Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ
  • *kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s
    • Celtic: *kʷritus
      • Old Irish: cruth (“form”)
      • Welsh: pryd (“form, time”), prydaf (“compose poetry, versify”)
  • *kʷr̥-tó-s
    • Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
  • Albanian: sarkë (“to build, frame”)
  • Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī
  • Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-[4]
    • Lithuanian: kẽras (“charm, magic”), kerė́ti (“to enchant, charm, bewitch”), kùrti (“to do, make, build”)
    • Slavic: *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”), *čara (“magic, sorcery”)[4] (see there for further descendants)
  • Indo-Iranian: *kar-
    • Iranian: *kar-
      • Middle Persian: 𐭪𐭫𐭩‎ (-kly /-gar/)

References
  1. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*ku̯er-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 391
  2. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 362
  3. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kuer-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 486-487
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015), “kėrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238
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