< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/meh₂d-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Root

*meh₂d- [2][3][4]

  1. to be wet, to become wet

Reconstruction notes

Pokorny, Fortson, and LIV reconstruct this root as an example of an *a-ablauting stem (*m̥d- ~ *mad- ~ *mād-). On the other hand, the regular outcome of *#R̥HC- in the descendants can account for many of the reflexes.

Derived terms
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*meh%E2%82%82d-_(wet)' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *meh₂d- (wet)'>Terms derived from the PIE root *meh₂d- (wet)</a>
  • *méh₂d-e-ti (thematic present)
    • Indo-Iranian: *mádati
      • Indo-Aryan: *mádati
        • Sanskrit: मदति (mádati), मदते (mádate, “to be intoxicated; rejoice”)
      • Iranian: *mádati[5]
        • Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬈‎ (madaite, “to become intoxicated”)
  • *m̥h₂d-yé-ti (yé-present)
    • (perhaps) Celtic: *madyeti (“break”) (the proposed semantic shift is be wet > burst > break)[6]
      • Brythonic: *mėðjɨd
        • Middle Breton: mezaff (“knead”)
          • Breton: mezañ
        • Middle Welsh: maeðu (“break, win”)
          • Welsh: maeddu (“break, win”)
      • Old Irish: maidid
    • Germanic: *matjaną[7] (see there for further descendants)
    • (perhaps) Indo-Iranian: *mā́dyati
      • Indo-Aryan: *mā́dyati
        • Sanskrit: माद्यति (mā́dyati)
  • *me-móh₂d-e ~ *me-mh₂d-ḗr (stative)
    • Celtic:
      • Old Irish: ro·mmemaid
    • Indo-Iranian: *mamáHda
      • Indo-Aryan: *mamáHda
        • Sanskrit: ममाद (mamā́da)
  • *m̥h₂d-éh₁-(ye)-ti (eh₁-stative)
  • *moh₂d-éye-ti (causative)
    • Indo-Iranian: *maHdáyati[5]
      • Indo-Aryan: *maHdáyati
        • Sanskrit: मादयति (mādáyati)
      • Iranian: *maHdáyati
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬤𐬵𐬀‎ (madaiiaŋᵛha, 2sg.caus.pres.impv)
  • *m̥h₂d-tó-s
  • *m̥h₂d-h₂-ró-s[9]
    • Hellenic: *madarós
    • Indo-Iranian: *madHrás
      • Indo-Aryan: *madHrás
        • Sanskrit: मदिर (madirá, “intoxicating”)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Armenian:
      • (perhaps) Old Armenian: մատաղ (matał, “young, tender”)[2][10], մաճառակ (mačaṙak, “fresh cheese”)[11]
      • (perhaps) Middle Armenian: մաճար (mačar, “must”)[12]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Slavic: *mada[13]
        • South Slavic:
          • Slovene: mada (“spot; blot”)
        • West Slavic:
          • Polish: mada (“sludge; mud; dirt”)
          • Slovincian: mada (“dirt; mud”)
    • Hellenic:

References
  1. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, first edition, Oxford: Blackwell, pages 72, 183
  2. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “mad-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 694-695
  3. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*mad-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 42
  4. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*m(e)hₐd-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 638-639
  5. Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*mad¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*mad-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-252
  7. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*matjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 358
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “madeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 358
  9. Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*mad-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 455-457
  10. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մատաղ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 513a
  11. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճառակ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
  12. J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “մաճար”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 504a
  13. Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1990), “*mada”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 17, Moscow: Nauka, page 118
  14. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μαδάω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 889-890

Root

*meh₂d-

(o-grade *moh₂d-)
  1. to meet, approach, encounter

Descendants
► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*meh%E2%82%82d-_(meet)' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *meh₂d- (meet)'>Terms derived from the PIE root *meh₂d- (meet)</a>
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