Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/trewd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*trewd- [1][2][3]

to push, to thrust

Derived terms

► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*trewd-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *trewd-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *trewd-</a>

*tréwd-e-ti (thematic root present)[4]
- Albanian: *truδ-
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- (perhaps) Celtic:
  - Welsh: cythrudd
- Germanic: *þreutaną (see there for further descendants)
- Italic: *troudō
  - Latin: trūdō
*trud-néh₂-ti ~ *trud-n̥h₂-énti (innovative denominative present)[5]
- Germanic: *þruttōną (see there for further descendants)
*trowd-eh₂yé-ti (innovative *o-grade iterative present)
- Germanic: *þrautōną
*trowd-éye-ti (causative)[6][7]
- Albanian: *entrūda
  - Albanian: ndrydh
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic:
    - South Slavic:
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: троуждити (tružditi)
        
        Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰶⰴⰻⱅⰹ (tružditi)
- Germanic: *þrautijaną
  - Old Norse: þreyta
    - Faroese: troyta
    - Icelandic: þreyta
*trowd-o-
- Balto-Slavic: *traudas
  - Slavic: *trudъ
    - East Slavic:
      - Old East Slavic: трудъ (trudŭ)
        Russian: труд (trud)
    - South Slavic:
      - Bulgarian: труд (trud)
      - Old Church Slavonic:
        Cyrillic: троудъ (trudŭ)
        
        Glagolitic: ⱅⱃⱆⰴⱏ (trudŭ)
      - Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic: тру̑д
        
        Latin: trȗd
        
        Chakavian: trũd (Vrgada), trúd (Hvar, Novi), trũd (Orbanići)
    - West Slavic:
      - Czech: trud
      - Polish: trud
      - Slovak: trud
      - Slovincian: trʉ̇́d
- Germanic: *þrautą (see there for further descendants)
*trewd-to-s or *trewd-so-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: triū̃sas

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652
De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 630
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, page 463
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 548
Orel, Vladimir (1998), “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, page 288
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 545

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[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*treu̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 651-652

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “trūdō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 630

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*trudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498

[4] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “tredh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, page 463

[5] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þruttōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 548

[6] Orel, Vladimir (1998), “ndrydh”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, page 288

[7] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þrautjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 545