Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kšatrám

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *tk-e-tróm, from *tek- (“to obtain”).[1]

Noun

*kšatrám n

kingdom, dominion, empire.
rule, reign.

Descendants

Indo-Aryan: *kṣatrám
- Sanskrit: क्षत्र (kṣatrá) (see there for further descendants)
Iranian: *xšaθram
- Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀‎ (xšaθra)
- Old Persian: 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶 (x-š-ç-m /xšaçam/)
  - Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩‎ (šahr)
    - Persian: شهر‎ (šahr)
      - → Azeri: şəhər
      - Crimean Tatar: şeer
      - Kyrgyz: шаар (şaar)
      - Uzbek: shahar
      - → Bengali: শহর (shôhôr)
      - → Hindi: शहर (śahr)
      - → Ottoman Turkish: شهر‎ (şehir)
        Turkish: şehir
        
        → Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic: ше̏хер
        
        Latin: šȅher
      - → Urdu: شہر‎ (šahr)
- → Old Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)
  - Armenian: աշխարհ (ašxarh)
- Parthian: 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓‎ (xšahr)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*xšaH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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[1] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*xšaH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN