Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/-nka

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Japonic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ŋka/

Particle

*-nka

nominative and genitive case marker

Usage notes

Japonic had two particles that as functioned as both nominative and genitive case markers, *nə and *-nka. According to Pellard (2018), reflexes of *-nka are typically used after pronouns in the daughter languages and reflexes of *nə are used elsewhere.[1] The exact distributions within each daughter language vary widely, however. See the Proto-Ryukyuan entries for more specifics.

Descendants

Old Japanese: が (ga)
- Japanese: が (ga, “(nominative marker)”), Japanese: が / ヶ (ga, “(obsolete possessive marker)”)
Ryukyuan: *ga
- Northern Ryukyuan:
  - Kunigami: が (ga)
  - Northern Amami-Oshima: が (ga)
  - Okinawan: が (ga)
- Southern Ryukyuan
  - Miyako: が (ga)
  - Yaeyama: が (ga)
  - Yonaguni: か゚ (nga)

References

Pellard, Thomas (2018), “Ryukyuan and the reconstruction of proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan”, in Handbook of Japanese historical linguistics, De Gruyter Mouton.

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[1] Pellard, Thomas (2018), “Ryukyuan and the reconstruction of proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan”, in Handbook of Japanese historical linguistics, De Gruyter Mouton.