Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/utro
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *auš(t)ra- (“dawn, morning”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-ro- (“of the dawn or morning, matutinal; eastern”), from *h₂ews- (“dawn; east”). Baltic cognates include Lithuanian aušrà, dial. auštrà (“dawn”), Latvian àustra, aũstra (“dawn”). Indo-European cognates include Ancient Greek αὔρᾱ (aúrā, “(esp. cool) breeze, fresh air of the morning”), Latin auster (“south wind”), Proto-Germanic *austrą (“east”), Proto-Germanic *Austrǭ (“Easter, springtime; name of a goddess”) (presumably from the goddess of the dawn, lust, fertility and spring, associated with the beginning of the year).
A variant *jutro appears in West Slavic, Slovenian and Serbo-Croatian, and is also attested in Old Church Slavonic, but considered secondary; there are further Slavic lexemes that display an alternation *ju- in West and South Slavic vs. *u- in East Slavic. Variants with *(j)ustr- point to *ustr- < *usr-,[1] the loss of -s- being either due to dissimilation[2] or perhaps due to the law of open syllables, if the -s- was variably assigned to the end of the first syllable. According to Kortlandt, the acute on the root implies a zero-grade variant (which would have parallels in Sanskrit उस्र (usrá-, “reddish, ruddy, bright, matutinal”), उस्रा (usrā́-, “dawn, morning”)), which, however, is not attested.[3] The intrusive -t- is regular in Proto-Slavic, compare *ostrъ, *strumy.
Inflection
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *ùtro | *ùtrě | *ùtra |
| Accusative | *ùtro | *ùtrě | *ùtra |
| Genitive | *ùtra | *ùtru | *ùtrъ |
| Locative | *ùtrě | *ùtru | *ùtrě̄xъ |
| Dative | *ùtru | *ùtroma | *ùtromъ |
| Instrumental | *ùtrъmь, *ùtromь* | *ùtroma | *ùtrȳ |
| Vocative | *ùtro | *ùtrě | *ùtra |
Derived terms
- *utro se
- *utrьjь
- *utrьnъ
- *utrьnica
- *na utrьje / *nautrьje
- *neutro (“day after tomorrow”)
References
- Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2001, →ISBN, page 221
- “Slavisch (j)ustro (j)utro und Verwandte”, in Scando-Slaviaca, volume 2, issue 1, 1956, DOI:, ISSN 0080-6765, pages 13–28
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510f.
- Derksen (2008) has *ȕtro labeled as accent paradigm a. This appears to be a misprint for *ùtro, with old acute as is expected in accent paradigm a.
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “утро”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 510f
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jutro”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 08, Moscow: Nauka, page 200
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1994), “*na jutrьje / *najutrьje”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 21, Moscow: Nauka, page 191
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1997), “*nejutro”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 24, Moscow: Nauka, page 135