< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/perti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology
  • Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *per-, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian per̃ti (“to beat with a broom (in a bath)”), and wider Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit पृत् (pṛt), पृतन (pṛ́tana), पृतना (pṛ́tanā, “struggle, dispute, battle”).
  • Per Vasmer, cognates also include Latvian pḕrt (“to beat, to pound”), pirêtiês (“to quarrel”), Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀‎ (pəšana, “battle”), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬉‎ (pərətantē, “they are fighting”), Sanskrit परि (parí), परिन् (parin, “enemy”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭-‎ (par-, “stand in the way”). Vasmer also includes various cognates beginning with *sp- that may reflect a separate Indo-European root *(s)perH-: Lithuanian spìrti (“to prop up”), 1sg. Lithuanian spiriù and Lithuanian ãtsparas (“support, stand”), and wider Indo-European cognates Latin spernō (“to spurn”), English spurn, Sanskrit स्फुरति (sphuráti, “to kick away, to shudder”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (sparaiti, “to trample, to push”).

Vasmer treats the Russian meanings "to move, to travel" as belonging to an entirely separate homophonous verb, also found in Old Church Slavonic перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”), but this form more correctly stems from the Proto-Slavic verb *pьrati (“to fly”), and the Russian meanings are colloquial and likely to be extensions of the underlying meaning "to drag".

Verb

*pérti impf [1][2][3]

  1. to push, to press
  2. to oppose
    → to quarrel, deny, renounce

Inflection
Conjugation of *perti (impf., -C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Verbal noun Infinitive Supine L-participle
*pьrtьje *perti *pertъ *pьrlъ
Participles
Tense Past Present
Passive *pьrtъ *pьromъ
Active *pьrъ *pьry
Aorist Present
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Singular *perxъ*per*per *pьrǫ*pьreši*pьretь
Dual *perxově*persta*perste *pьrevě*pьreta*pьrete
Plural *perxomъ*perste*peršę *pьremъ*pьrete*pьrǫtь
Imperfect Imperative
Person 1st2nd3rd 1st2nd3rd
Singular *pьrěaxъ*pьrěaše*pьrěaše —*pьri*pьri
Dual *pьrěaxově*pьrěašeta*pьrěašete *pьrěvě*pьrěta—
Plural *pьrěaxomъ*pьrěašete*pьrěaxǫ *pьrěmъ*pьrěte—
    Notes:
  • (*)*pьrenъ is doublet of past passive participle
  • Intensive derivative: *-pirati
  • *pьrati (“to beat, to trample, to wash”)
  • *pьrěti (“to quarrel, to deny, to renounce”)
  • *pertiti (“to order, to forbid, to threaten”)
  • *pъrtiti (“to expire”)
  • *portiti (“to propel, to send”)
  • *opora (“support, basis, foothold”)
  • *perkъ (“direct”)
  • *pertъ (“trim, arranged”)
  • *pьrtь (“bathhouse”)
  • *sъporъ (“conflict, dispute”)

Derived terms
  • *otъperti (“to detain”)
  • *zaperti (“to lock, to detain”)
  • *sъperti (“to stop”)
  • *jьzperti (“to beat, to strike”)
  • *naperti (“to push, to agitate”)
  • *uperti (“to resist, to restrain”)
  • *orzperti (“to spread”)
  • *operti (“to recline, to lean”)
  • *podъperti (“to support”)
  • *doperti (“to bring together, to touch”)
  • *perperti (“to apply”)
  • *priperti (“to connect”)

Descendants
  • East Slavic:
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: прѣти (prěti, “to quarrel”), 1sg. пьрѫ (pĭrǫ)
      Glagolitic: [Term?]
    • Bulgarian: запра́ (zaprá), запи́рам (zapíram, “to detain, to prohibit”)
    • Macedonian: запре (zapre, “to stop”)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic: за̀прије̄ти (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. за̏пре̄м
      Latin: zàprijēti (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. zȁprēm
    • Slovene: zaprẹ́ti (“to bar, to lock”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. zaprȅm (tonal orthography)
  • West Slavic:
    • Old Czech: přieti sě (“to challenge”)
      • Czech: přít se (“to quarrel”), 1sg. pru se, přu se; (obsolete) přít (“to deny, to renounce”), 1sg. přu, přím; zapřít (“to enclose, to obstruct”), 1sg. zapru
    • Polish: przeć (“to push, to press (on)”), 1sg. prę
    • Slovak: zaprieť
    • Sorbian:
      • Upper Sorbian: prěć (“to refuse, to renounce”)
      • Lower Sorbian: pŕěś (“to refuse, to renounce”)

Further reading
  • Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “пере́ть”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
  • Duridanov I., Račeva M., Todorov T., editors (1996), “пръ се”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 812

References
  1. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*perti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 396: “v. (c)”
  2. Snoj, Marko (2016), “-prẹ́ti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar, Ljubljana: Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, →ISBN: “*pérti”
  3. Olander, Thomas (2001), “perti: pьrǫ pьretь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c låse, lukke (SA 203, 235, 251; PR 139)”
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