< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions
  • *kāz

Etymology

Considering the bird’s black feathers, it could be a derivative of the word 'black' (see Proto-Turkic *kara), but most data support the hypothesis of an onomatopoetic origin.[1][2][3] Probably related to the Hungarian onomatopoetic word gá-gá ("sound a goose makes").[3] This onomatopoeic formation may serve the same function as other Turkic bird-related words like karga (“crow, black bird”) and kuş (“bird”), compare the Hungarian onomatopoetic word kár-kár ("to croak").[3]

Alternatively, borrowed from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰh₂éns (“goose”), perhaps Tocharian.[4][5] Pedersen derived from Old Armenian *գաս (*gas), the supposed earlier form of սագ (sag, “goose”),[6][7] but this derivation is implausible.[2][5] Unlikely to be a direct borrowing from Proto-Indo-European, but perhaps coincidental or a cultural Wanderwort.[8]

Noun

*kāŕ

  1. goose

Descendants
  • Medieval:
    • Karakhanid: قازْ‎ (qāz, “goose, geese (swans, ducks, swallows)”)
    • Old Turkic:
      • Old Uyghur: q՚z (qaz, “geese”)
    • Kipchak:
      • Armeno-Kipchak: խազ (xaz)
      • Cuman: chax
      • Mamluk-Kipchak: قاز‎ (qaz)
  • Oghuz:
    • West Oghuz:
      • Azerbaijani: qaz
      • Gagauz: kaaz / кааз
      • Ottoman Turkish: قاز‎ (qaz)
    • East Oghuz:
  • Kipchak:
  • Karluk:
    • Chagatai: قاز‎ (qaz)
      • Uzbek: g'oz
      • Uyghur: غاز‎ (ghaz)
  • Siberian:
    • North Siberian:
      • Dolgan: каас (kaas)
      • Yakut: хаас (xaas)
    • South Siberian:
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (qaz)
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tuvan: кас (kas)
        • Tofa: қас (qas)
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas: хас (xas)
        • Shor: қас (qas)
      • Altai Turkic:
  • Oghur:

References
  • Budagov, Lazarʹ (1871) Sravnitelʹnyj slovarʹ turecko-tatarskix narěčij [Comparative Dictionary of Turko-Tatar Dialects] (in Russian), volume II, Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 13
  • Radloff, Friedrich Wilhelm (1899) Versuch eines Wörterbuches der Türk-Dialecte (in German), volume II, Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, columns 360f, 346
  • Abajev, V. I. (1973), “qaz”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ osetinskovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, page 272
  1. Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]‎ (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 184b
  2. Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1389, pages 385–387
  3. Czeglédi, Katalin. The Nature of the Relationship between the Hungarian and Turkish Languages. Journal of Eurasian Studies. Volume IV., Issue 4. October-December 2012.
  4. Clauson, Gerard (1972) An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 679
  5. Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “սագ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 152b
  6. Pedersen, Holger (1906), “Armenisch und die Nachbarsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen‎ (in German), volume 39, issue 3, pages 453–454
  7. Pedersen (Pedersən), Holger (1907) Hayerēn ew dracʿi lezunerə [Armenian and the Neighbouring Languages] (in Armenian), translated into Armenian by H. Tʿovmas Ketikean, Vienna: Mxitʿarēan Tparan, pages 186–187
  8. The Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic Urheimat based on geolexical analysis (archived)
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