hrjósa
Icelandic
Etymology
From {der|is|non|hrjósa}}, from Proto-Germanic *hreusaną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈr̥jouːsa/
- Rhymes: -ouːsa
Verb
hrjósa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative hraus, third-person plural past indicative hrusu, supine hrosið)
- to shudder
- Mér hrýs hugur við sóuninni sem stöðugt á sér stað í vestrænum þjóðfélögum.
- I shudder at the thought of the waste that continually happens in western societies.
Usage notes
This verb is now limited to the subject hugur (“mind”) in the phrase hrjósa hugur við (“shudder at the thought of“; literally, “[one's] mind shudder”), which takes a dative object in front (indicating the person whose mind shudders) in addition to the dative object of the preposition við (indicating what makes it shudder).
Conjugation
| infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að hrjósa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| supine (sagnbót) |
hrosið | ||||
| present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
hrjósandi | ||||
| indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
| present (nútíð) |
ég hrýs | við hrjósum | present (nútíð) |
ég hrjósi | við hrjósum |
| þú hrýst | þið hrjósið | þú hrjósir | þið hrjósið | ||
| hann, hún, það hrýs | þeir, þær, þau hrjósa | hann, hún, það hrjósi | þeir, þær, þau hrjósi | ||
| past (þátíð) |
ég hraus | við hrusum | past (þátíð) |
ég hrysi | við hrysum |
| þú hraust | þið hrusuð | þú hrysir | þið hrysuð | ||
| hann, hún, það hraus | þeir, þær, þau hrusu | hann, hún, það hrysi | þeir, þær, þau hrysu | ||
| imperative (boðháttur) |
hrjós (þú) | hrjósið (þið) | |||
| Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
| hrjóstu | hrjósiði * | ||||
| * Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. | |||||
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *hreusaną (“to shudder, shiver, quiver”), from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”). Related to Old Norse hrār (“raw, fresh, juicy”), Old English hrēaw, hrēow (“raw”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬏𐬭𐬀 (xrūra, “bloody, gruesome, cruel”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙 (xruuant, “ghastly, gruesome”). More at raw.
Verb
hrjósa (singular past indicative hraus, plural past indicative hrusu, past participle hrosinn)
- to shudder
Usage notes
Attested usage is the same as in modern Icelandic, with hugr and við. (See Icelandic section above.)
Conjugation
| infinitive | hrjósa | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hrjósandi | |
| past participle | hrosinn | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrýs | hraus |
| 2nd-person singular | hrýss | hraust |
| 3rd-person singular | hrýss | hraus |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósum | hrusum |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósið | hrusuð |
| 3rd-person plural | hrjósa | hrusu |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrjósa | hrysa |
| 2nd-person singular | hrjósir | hrysir |
| 3rd-person singular | hrjósi | hrysi |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósim | hrysim |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósið | hrysið |
| 3rd-person plural | hrjósi | hrysi |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hrjós | |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósum | |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósið | |
| infinitive | hrjósask | |
|---|---|---|
| present participle | hrjósandisk | |
| past participle | hrosizk | |
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrjósumk | hrusumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hrýsk | hrausk |
| 3rd-person singular | hrýsk | hrausk |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósumsk | hrusumsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósizk | hrusuzk |
| 3rd-person plural | hrjósask | hrususk |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st-person singular | hrjósumk | hrysumk |
| 2nd-person singular | hrjósisk | hrysisk |
| 3rd-person singular | hrjósisk | hrysisk |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósimsk | hrysimsk |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósizk | hrysizk |
| 3rd-person plural | hrjósisk | hrysisk |
| imperative | present | |
| 2nd-person singular | hrjósk | |
| 1st-person plural | hrjósumsk | |
| 2nd-person plural | hrjósizk | |