circumcision

Examples of circumcision in the following topics:

• Circumcision

  • Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin (prepuce) from the penis .
  • Religious male circumcision is part of Judaism.
  • In Islam, though not mentioned in the Qur'an, male circumcision is widely practiced.
  • Some organizations have discussed under what circumstances circumcision is ethical.
  • There is controversy regarding circumcision.

• Sexual Violence

  • Forms of sexual violence include: rape by strangers, marital rape, date rape, war rape, unwanted sexual harassment, demanding sexual favors, sexual abuse of children, sexual abuse of disabled individuals, forced marriage, child marriage, denial of the right to use contraception, denial of the right to take measures to protect against sexually-transmitted diseases, forced abortion, genital mutilation, forced circumcision, and forced prostitution.
  • A good example of cultural variation with regards to sexual violence is the differing views associated with the practice of female circumcision/female genital mutilation (FGM).
  • Female circumcision and FGM refer to the same practice, but the practice is called "female circumcision" by those who condone its usage.
  • Female circumcision/FGM is a practice used in many parts of Africa in which parts of the female's vagina, usually the clitoris, are removed in order to decrease sexual pleasure.

• The Rite of Passage

  • One traditional ritual that is still regularly practiced by the Xhosa is the secret rite of Ulwaluko, which marks the transition from boyhood to manhood with ritual circumcision and weeks of isolation.
  • Zulus historically performed the ritual circumcision of boys as well, but the ritual was stopped by King Shaka in the war of 1810.
  • A two-month process that involves circumcision and various tests of endurance, it represents the ultimate transition into maturity and wisdom.
  • Female circumcision has also existed in many traditional cultures as a rite of passage for girls and is much more controversial due to its health risks.
  • Define a rite of passage, and describe the examples of scarification and circumcision.

• HIV and AIDS

  • Circumcision in sub-Saharan Africa has been found to reduce the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men by between 38% and 66% over two years.
  • Based on these studies, the World Health Organization has recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female-to-male HIV transmission.

• Gender and Social Movements

  • Third World; the relationship between gender oppression and oppression based on class, race and nationality; defining core common elements of feminism vs. specific political elements; defining feminism, homosexuality, female circumcision, birth and population control; the gulf between researchers and the grass roots; and the extent to which political issues were women's issues.

• Fang and Kota

  • Another key feature of the Kota people are the originality of its circumcision and widow-purification rituals, which are generally kept secret.