female genital mutilation

Examples of female genital mutilation in the following topics:

• Circumcision

  • Circumcision is the surgical removal of either the foreskin in males, or the clitoris and labia in females.
  • Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female genital cutting and female circumcision, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. " FGM is typically carried out on girls from a few days old to puberty.
  • Since 1979, there have been concerted efforts by international bodies to end the practice, including sponsorship by the United Nations of an International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation, held each February 6 since 2003.

• Sexual Violence

  • Forms of sexual violence include: rape by strangers, marital rape, date rape, war rape, unwanted sexual harassment, demanding sexual favors, sexual abuse of children, sexual abuse of disabled individuals, forced marriage, child marriage, denial of the right to use contraception, denial of the right to take measures to protect against sexually-transmitted diseases, forced abortion, genital mutilation, forced circumcision, and forced prostitution.
  • A good example of cultural variation with regards to sexual violence is the differing views associated with the practice of female circumcision/female genital mutilation (FGM).
  • Female circumcision and FGM refer to the same practice, but the practice is called "female circumcision" by those who condone its usage.
  • Female circumcision/FGM is a practice used in many parts of Africa in which parts of the female's vagina, usually the clitoris, are removed in order to decrease sexual pleasure.
  • The operation is performed most commonly on young females.

• Gender and Social Movements

  • The movement's priorities vary among nations and communities and range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country or to the glass ceiling (the barrier that prevents minorities and women from advancing in corporate hierarchies) in another.
  • Third wave feminists often focus on "micropolitics," and challenged the second wave's paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for females.
  • Third World; the relationship between gender oppression and oppression based on class, race and nationality; defining core common elements of feminism vs. specific political elements; defining feminism, homosexuality, female circumcision, birth and population control; the gulf between researchers and the grass roots; and the extent to which political issues were women's issues.

• The Feminist Perspective

  • Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination that favor male-female sexuality and relationships.
  • Controversies about this have arisen with both arranged marriages and female genital mutilation.

• The Rite of Passage

  • Female circumcision has also existed in many traditional cultures as a rite of passage for girls and is much more controversial due to its health risks.
  • Often referred to as female genital mutilation (FGM), it can be carried out on girls from a few days after birth to puberty.

• Cultural Change

  • ., males and females) culturally erases the biological and genetic reality of intersex people, and justifies the genital mutilation of people born genetically beyond male/female classification schemes.
  • Changing scientific and medical practices of infant genital mutilation in the case of intersex individuals, however, remains difficult due to cultural beliefs promoting and enforcing two sexes with separate but "complementary" roles.

• Sex and Physiology

  • the internal reproductive anatomy (such as the uterus in females); and
  • In humans, sex is typically divided into male, female, or intersex.
  • Intersex, in humans and other animals, is a variation in sex characteristics (including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals) that does not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female.
  • Such variation may involve genital ambiguity and/or combinations of chromosomes other than XY (typically found in males) and XX (typically found in females).
  • Intersex advocates such as Anne Fausto-Sterling label surgery without consent as a form of genital mutilation, and argue that surgery on intersex babies should wait until the child can make an informed decision for themselves.

• Genital Herpes

  • Herpes genitalis (or genital herpes) refers to a genital infection by Herpes simplex virus.
  • Herpes genitalis (or genital herpes) refers to a genital infection by Herpes simplex virus .
  • Genital HSV-1 infection recurs at rate of about one sixth of that of genital HSV-2.
  • In females, lesions appear on or near the pubis, labia, clitoris, vulva, buttocks or anus.
  • Presently, genital herpes cannot be cured.

• Perineum

  • The perineum is the region between the genitals and the anus, including the perineal body and surrounding structures.
  • There is some variability in how the boundaries are defined, but the term generally includes the genitals and anus.
  • It is generally defined as the surface region in both males and females between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx.
  • It is a diamond-shaped area on the inferior surface of the trunk which includes the anus and, in females, the vagina.
  • It is an erogenous zone for both males and females.

• Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

  • The human female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus and the ovaries, which produce a woman's egg cells.
  • The human female reproductive system (or female genital system) contains two main parts:
  • The ova are larger than sperm and have formed by the time an anatomically female infant is born.
  • Outline the anatomy of the female reproductive system from external to internal