collective defense

Examples of collective defense in the following topics:

• Collective Military Force

  • A collective military force (when multiple countries pool their militaries) involves both collective security and collective defense.
  • The use of collective military force in the global environment involves two primary concepts: collective security and collective defense.
  • Collective defense entails benefits as well as risks.
  • On the other hand, collective defense also involves risky commitments.
  • Compare and contrast the concepts of collective security and collective defense

• Defending the Nation

  • The United States has the largest defense budget in the world.
  • Among these are the power to lay and collect taxes and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; to borrow money on the credit of the United States; and to regulate interstate, foreign, and Indian commerce.
  • As stated in the Constitution, "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. "
  • The United States has the largest defense budget in the world .
  • The United States has the largest defense budget in the world.

• Physical and Chemical Barriers

  • The innate immune response has physical and chemical barriers that exist as the first line of defense against infectious pathogens.
  • The adaptive immune response expands over time, storing information about past infections and mounting pathogen-specific defenses.
  • The skin is considered the first defense of the innate immune system; it is the first of the nonspecific barrier defenses.
  • Despite these barriers, pathogens may enter the body through skin abrasions or punctures, or by collecting on mucosal surfaces in large numbers that overcome the mucus or cilia.
  • Once inside, the body still has many other defenses, including chemical barriers.

• Cabinet Departments

  • The cabinet is the collection of top-ranking advisors in the executive branch of government, particularly executive department secretaries.
  • At the top of each department is the secretary (in the Department of Justice, the highest office is called the "attorney general," but the role is parallel to that of the secretary of state, defense, etc.).
  • Likewise, military staff includes soldiers on active duty who are not administrative employees but are nonetheless under the purview of the Department of Defense.
  • The Department of War has since been subsumed by the Department of Defense, and many other executive departments have been formed.
  • Defense: The Secretary of Defense supervises national defense and the armed forces.

• Herbivory and Pollination

  • Herbivory has favored the development of defense mechanisms in plants and avoidance of those defense mechanisms in animals.
  • Coevolution of herbivores and plant defenses is observed in nature.
  • Spines and thorns deter most animals, except for mammals with thick fur; some birds have specialized beaks to get past such defenses .
  • Flowers that attract these pollinators usually display a pattern of low ultraviolet reflectance that helps them quickly locate the flower's center to collect nectar while being dusted with pollen .
  • As a bee collects nectar from a flower, it is dusted by pollen, which it then disperses to other flowers.

• Financing the War

  • As the U.S. entered WWII, Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau began planning a national defense bond program to finance the war.
  • On the advice of Odegard, the Treasury began marketing the previously successful baby bonds as "defense bonds."
  • For those that found it difficult to purchase an entire bond at once, 10 cent savings stamps could be purchased and collected in Treasury-approved stamp albums until the recipient had accumulated enough stamps for a bond purchase.
  • These were marketed first as "defense bonds", then later as "war bonds."
  • Explain how "defense bonds" worked to finance the war in the United States.

• Abscesses and Ulcers

  • An abscess is a collection of pus that results from an infectious process, while an ulcer is a break or opening in the mucous membrane.
  • An abscess is a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue in which the pus resides, due to an infectious process (usually related to bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e.g. splinters, bullet wounds, or injecting needles).
  • It is a defensive reaction of the tissue meant to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body.
  • An abscess is a collection of pus (dead neutrophils) that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue on the basis of an infectious process (usually caused by bacteria or parasites) or other foreign materials (e.g. splinters, bullet wounds, or injecting needles).

• Doing Nothing

  • Most projects never collect CLAs or copyright assignments from their contributors.
  • When this happens, the project will have no documentation showing that the contributor formally granted the right to use the code, which could make some legal defenses more difficult.

• The Budgeting Process

  • The military budget of the United States during FY 2011 was approximately $740 billion in expenses for the Department of Defense (DoD), $141 billion for veteran expenses, and $48 billion in expenses for the Department of Homeland Security, for a total of $929 billion.
  • Major categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security ($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other mandatory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).
  • Social Security spending increased versus 2011 while Defense, Medicare and Medicaid spending fell.
  • Non-defense discretionary spending is used to fund the executive departments (e.g., the Department of Education) and independent agencies (e.g., the Environmental Protection Agency), although these do receive a smaller amount of mandatory funding as well.
  • The annual budget deficit is the difference between actual cash collections and budgeted spending (a partial measure of total spending) during a given fiscal year, which runs from October 1 to September 30.

• Immunoassays for Disease

  • Through specific and non-specific defense mechanisms, the body's immune system is able to react to microbial pathogens and protect against disease.
  • The first line of defense against infection is intact skin, mucosal membrane surfaces, and secretions that prevent pathogens from penetrating into the body.
  • A blood sample is collected from the patient during the acute phase of the disease when antibody levels are high.