primary response

Examples of primary response in the following topics:

• Immunological Memory

  • During the adaptive immune response to a pathogen that has not been encountered before, known as the primary immune response, plasma cells secreting antibodies and differentiated T cells increase, then plateau over time.
  • A memory cell is an antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte that does not differentiate into an effector cell during the primary immune response, but that can immediately become an effector cell on re-exposure to the same pathogen.
  • Memory B cells that differentiate into plasma cells output ten to hundred-fold greater antibody amounts than were secreted during the primary response .
  • Vaccination is based on the knowledge that exposure to noninfectious antigens, derived from known pathogens, generates a mild primary immune response .
  • In the primary response to infection, antibodies are secreted first from plasma cells.

• Natural Active Immunity

  • Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response.
  • Once a microbe penetrates the body's skin, mucous membranes, or other primary defenses, it interacts with the immune system.
  • The adaptive immune response generated against the pathogen takes days or weeks to develop but may be long-lasting, or even lifelong.
  • Wild infection, for example with hepatitis A virus (HAV) and subsequent recovery, gives rise to a natural active immune response usually leading to lifelong protection.
  • In a similar manner, administration of two doses of hepatitis A vaccine generates an acquired active immune response leading to long-lasting (possibly lifelong) protection.

• Abiotic Factors Influencing Plant Growth

  • Temperature and moisture are important influences on plant production (primary productivity) and the amount of organic matter available as food (net primary productivity).
  • Almost all life on earth is directly or indirectly reliant on primary production.
  • The organisms responsible for primary production, known as primary producers or autotrophs, form the base of the food chain.
  • Net primary productivity is an estimation of all of the organic matter available as food.
  • The magnitude and distribution of global primary production varies between biomes.

• Primary Market Research

  • Primary research consists of the collection of original primary data.
  • Primary research consists of the collection of original primary data.
  • There are advantages and disadvantages to primary research.
  • It takes longer to undertake primary research than to acquire secondary data.
  • All research, whether primary or secondary, depends eventually on the collection of primary research data.

• Functions of the Nervous System

  • The primary function of the nervous system is to coordinate and control the various functions of our body.
  • The nervous system activates effector organs such as muscles and glands to cause a response called the motor input.
  • At a more integrative level, the primary function of the nervous system is to control and communicate information throughout the body.
  • These sensory input is sent into the central nervous system which has the ability to determine an appropriate response.
  • Once the response is activated, the nervous system is able to send signals via motor output to muscles or glands to initiate the response.

• Randomized Design: Single-Factor

  • Completely randomized designs study the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other nuisance variables into account.
  • In the design of experiments, completely randomized designs are for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take into account other nuisance variables.
  • The experiment under a completely randomized design compares the values of a response variable based on the different levels of that primary factor.
  • For completely randomized designs, the levels of the primary factor are randomly assigned to the experimental units.
  • For example, if there are 3 levels of the primary factor with each level to be run 2 times, then there are $6!

• Stages of Socialization Throughout the Life Span

  • The socialization process can be separated into two main stages: primary socialization and secondary socialization.
  • Primary socialization takes place early in life, as a child and adolescent.
  • The need for later-life socialization may stem from the increasing complexity of society with its corresponding increase in varied roles and responsibilities.
  • Response: The child and adolescent may be more easily malleable than the adult.
  • The nuclear family serves as the primary force of socialization for young children.

• Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)

  • The primary motor cortex is the neural center for voluntary respiratory control.
  • More broadly, the motor cortex is responsible for initiating any voluntary muscular movement.
  • There are several nerves responsible for the muscular functions involved in respiration.
  • Topography of the primary motor cortex, on an outline drawing of the human brain.
  • Each part of the primary motor cortex controls a different part of the body.

• Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area

  • A cortical homunculus is a pictorial representation of the anatomical divisions of the primary motor cortex and the primary somatosensory cortex, i.e., the portion of the human brain directly responsible for the movement and exchange of sensory and motor information of the body.
  • The primary somesthetic cortex (sensory) pertains to the signals within the postcentral gyrus coming from the thalamus, and the primary motor cortex pertains to signals within the precentral gyrus coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes.
  • Typically, the area of the body corresponds to a point on the primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus).
  • Before operating, he stimulated the brain with electrical probes while the patients were conscious on the operating table (under only local anesthesia), and observed their responses.
  • In this way he could more accurately target the areas of the brain responsible, reducing the side-effects of the surgery.

• Lymphoid Tissue

  • Lymphoid tissue consists of many different organs playing a role in the production and maturation of lymphocytes in the immune response.
  • The central or primary lymphoid organs generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor cells, such as lymphoblasts.
  • The thymus gland and the bone marrow contain primary lymphoid tissue where the B and T cells are generated.
  • Besides generation, primary lymphoid tissue is also the site for where lymphocytes undergo the early stages of maturation.
  • Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs maintain mature naive lymphocytes until an adaptive immune response is initiated.