Pure Food and Drug Act

Examples of Pure Food and Drug Act in the following topics:

• The Square Deal

  • By the Hepburn Act, the Interstate Commerce Commission's authority was extended to bridges, terminals, ferries, sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines.
  • Roosevelt responded to public anger over the abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act.
  • The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals.
  • The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that were impure or falsely labeled from being made, sold, and shipped.
  • The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 were both widely accredited to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which revealed the horrific and unsanitary processes of meat production.

• Expanding Federal Power

  • Accordingly, Roosevelt believed that he could act in any manner that benefitted the needs of the nation, unless specifically and explicitly prohibited by the Constitution.
  • Some of Roosevelt's most noteworthy legislative achievements, such as the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Hepburn Act, the Elkins Act, and his conservation laws embody this concept of the executive branch as an expansive source of regulatory powers for the "good" of the nation.
  • Despite Roosevelt's widespread popularity, many contemporaries resented his policies as encroachments on state power and local authority and accused him of concentrating all real political authority in Washington and replacing municipal and state structures with bureaucratic commissions and departments.
  • Roosevelt, on the other hand, as a Progressive, remained committed to a belief in political efficiency and elimination of unnecessary waste and structures.
  • To that end, by concentrating power in the executive and broadening the scope of federal regulatory power, Roosevelt was arguably attempting to create a modernized, Progressive United States that functioned seamlessly and in the better interests of the nation as a whole, rather than for local political authorities and wealthy interests.

• Features of Progressivism

  • Senators, and the first U.S. presidential primary.
  • Progressives put special emphasis on basics, like pure milk and water supplies.
  • At the state and national levels, new food and drug laws strengthened local efforts to ensure food system safety.
  • For example, the 1906 federal Pure Food and Drug Act, pushed by drug companies and medical service providers, prevented patent medicines that had never been scientifically tested from being sold.
  • President Wilson uses tariff, currency, and anti-trust laws to prime the pump and get the economy working.

• The Progressive Era

  • The main statutes are the Sherman Act 1890, the Clayton Act 1914 and the Federal Trade Commission Act 1914.
  • Reformers felt that old-fashioned ways meant waste and inefficiency, and eagerly sought out the "one best system."
  • La Follette, Sr., and Charles Evans Hughes on the Republican side, and William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson and Al Smith on the Democratic side.
  • Leading his party and country into the Progressive Era, he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs.
  • In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muckraking novel, The Jungle, which exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

• Allergic Responses to Drugs

  • Virtually any substance, when exposed internally or externally to the body, can act as an allergen and illicit an immune system response, such is the case with antimicrobial drugs.
  • While the drug acts as an allergen, the drug itself is not causing direct damage to the individual, but rather it is the response of an individual's immune system which is deleterious.
  • The IgE binds directly to the drug and sets off a cascade of events, including the activation of receptors on immune system cells.
  • The exposure to a drug may not elicit an allergic reaction during the first exposure, but after the first exposure, the body creates antibodies and memory lymphocyte cells against the drug, therefore later exposures to the drug will illicit an immune response.
  • Some factors include genetics and past exposures to other allergens, typically a person who has allergies to other things, such as various foods, is more prone to have or develop drug allergies.

• Roosevelt's Progressivism

  • Leading his party and country into the Progressive Era, he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs.
  • To most contemporaries, progressivism meant expertise and efficiency, and the use of science, engineering, technology and the new social sciences to identify the nation's problems and identify solutions to political corruption, inefficiency, and to promote modernization.
  • While president, Roosevelt targeted these trusts, particularly the railroad monopolies, by increasing the regulatory power of the federal government through the Elkins Act (1903) and the Hepburn Act (1906).
  • The Hepburn Act of 1906 gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and auditing power over the railroads' financial records, a task simplified by standardized booking systems.
  • By the Hepburn Act, the ICC's authority was extended to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines.

• Consumer Products

  • The act also established the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent agency of the US Federal Government and defined its basic authority.
  • The act gives the CPSC the power to develop safety standards and pursue recalls for products that present unreasonable or substantial risks of injury or death to consumers.
  • The CPSC has jurisdiction over more than 15,000 different products; however, the CPSA excludes from the CPSC's jurisdiction those products that expressly lie in another federal agency's jurisdiction, for example food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco products, firearms and ammunition, motor vehicles, pesticides, aircraft, and boats.
  • These products may fall under the purview of agencies such as the US Food and Drug Administration, the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the US Department of Agriculture, the US Department of Transportation, the US Environment Protection Agency, the US Federal Aviation Administration, and the US Coast Guard.
  • The production and sale of consumer goods is an important sector of US GDP and creating employment.

• Quality Inspections and Standards

  • Quality audits and adherence to ISO standards are not just for private corporations; the US Food and Drug Administration requires that medical devices undergo quality auditing, and several countries require quality audits of their educational systems.
  • In 2005 the International Organization for Standardization released a standard, ISO 22000, meant for the food industry.
  • It gives one single integrated standard for the food industry and is expected to become more popular in the coming years in the industry.
  • With the upgrade of the ISO 9000 series of standards from the 1994 to 2008 series, the focus of the audits has shifted from purely procedural adherence towards measurement of the actual effectiveness of the Quality Management System (QMS) and the results that have been achieved through the implementation of a QMS.
  • One example is the US Food and Drug Administration, which requires quality auditing to be performed as part of its Quality System Regulation (QSR) for medical devices (Title 21 of the US Code of Federal Regulations part 820).

• Civilizing the City

  • An emphasis on hygiene and health was made in education, with physical and health education becoming more important and widespread.
  • Progressives believed that the family was the foundation stone of American society, and the government, especially municipal government, must work to strengthen and enhance the family.
  • Special emphasis was put on pure milk and water supplies.
  • At the state and national levels new food and drug laws strengthened local efforts to guarantee the safety of the food system.
  • Johnson advanced a program of lower streetcar fares, public baths, milk and meat inspection standards, and an expanded park system.

• Stimulants

  • Stimulants induce temporary improvements in mental and/or physical functions and are commonly used as prescription or recreational drugs.
  • Effects can also include an increase in arousal, locomotion, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the perception of diminished requirements for food and sleep.
  • Drug tolerance, dependence, sensitization, and withdrawal can occur after repeated use.
  • Due to their availability and fast-acting effects, amphetamines are prime candidates for abuse.
  • Caffeine is a drug that is found naturally in coffee, tea, soft drinks, and cocoa.