renal calculus

Examples of renal calculus in the following topics:

• Renal Calculi

  • Renal calculi are kidney stones, or crystal aggregates of minerals which would normally be excreted in urine.
  • A kidney stone, also known as a renal calculus (from the Latin ren, "kidney," and calculus, "pebble"), is a solid concretion or crystal aggregation formed in the kidneys from dietary minerals in the urine.
  • This leads to pain, most commonly felt in the flank (the area between the ribs and hip), lower abdomen, and groin (a condition called renal colic).
  • Renal colic can be associated with nausea, vomiting, fever, blood in the urine, pus in the urine, and painful urination.
  • Renal colic typically comes in waves lasting 20 to 60 minutes, beginning in the flank or lower back, and often radiating to the groin or genitals.

• Supply of Blood and Nerves to the Kidneys

  • The renal veins drain the kidney and the renal arteries supply blood to the kidney.
  • Due to the position of the aorta, the inferior vena cava, and the kidneys in the body, the right renal artery is normally longer than the left renal artery.
  • Renal blood supply starts with the branching of the aorta into the renal arteries (which are each named based on the region of the kidney they pass through) and ends with the exiting of the renal veins to join the inferior vena cava.
  • The renal plexus are the source of nervous tissue innervation within the kidney, which surround and primarily alter the size of the arterioles within the renal cortex.
  • The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries which branch into segmental arteries and into interlobar arteries that penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta.

• Nephron: The Functional Unit of the Kidney

  • Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons, deep in the renal cortex; the remaining 15 percent are juxtamedullary nephrons, which lie in the renal cortex close to the renal medulla.
  • A nephron consists of three parts: a renal corpuscle, a renal tubule, and the associated capillary network, which originates from the cortical radiate arteries.
  • The renal tubule is a long, convoluted structure that emerges from the glomerulus.
  • The third part of the renal tubule is called the distal convoluted tubule (DCT); this part is also restricted to the renal cortex.
  • Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the renal papillae, emptying into the renal calyces, the renal pelvis, and finally into the bladder via the ureter.

• Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys

  • There are three major regions of the kidney: renal cortex, renal medulla, and renal pelvis.
  • The renal cortex is a space between the medulla and outer capsule.
  • The kidneys are surrounded by a renal cortex, a layer of tissue that is also covered by renal fascia (connective tissue) and the renal capsule.
  • The renal pelvis contains the hilium.
  • The renal pelvis connects the kidney to the rest of the body.

• Renal Disease and Failure

  • Renal failure uremia is a syndrome of renal failure characterized by elevated levels of urea and creatinine in the blood.
  • Renal failure (also kidney failure or renal insufficiency) is a medical condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste products from the blood.
  • Renal failure uremia is a syndrome of renal failure that includes elevated blood urea and creatinine levels.
  • Acute renal failure can be reversed if diagnosed early.
  • It is considered to be chronic renal failure if the decline of renal function is to less than 25%.

• Functions of Several Variables

  • Multivariable calculus is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus in more than one variable.
  • Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus in more than one variable : the differentiated and integrated functions involve multiple variables, rather than just one.
  • Multivariable calculus can be applied to analyze deterministic systems that have multiple degrees of freedom.
  • Non-deterministic, or stochastic, systems can be studied using a different kind of mathematics, such as stochastic calculus.
  • Quantitative analysts in finance also often use multivariate calculus to predict future trends in the stock market.

• Glucosuria

  • Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys themselves, a condition termed renal glycosuria.
  • This point is called the renal threshold of glucose (RTG).
  • If the RTG is so low that even normal blood glucose levels produce the condition, it is referred to as renal glycosuria.
  • Renal glycosuria, also known as renal glucosuria, is a rare condition in which the simple sugar glucose is excreted in the urine despite normal or low blood glucose levels.
  • However, in those with renal glycosuria, glucose is abnormally elevated in the urine due to improper functioning of the renal tubules, which are the primary components of the nephrons that act as the filtering units of the kidneys.

• Renal Clearance

  • In renal physiology, the clearance is a measurement of the renal excretion ability, which measures the amount of plasma from which a substance is removed from the body over an interval of time.
  • Renal clearance depends mainly on GFR, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion.
  • If any of those variables change, the renal clearance rate of a substance will change as well.
  • These other forms of clearance are generally relatively minor compared to renal clearance.
  • Describe how clearance is a measure of the renal excretion ability

• Kidney Structure

  • The outermost layer, the renal fascia, is a tough connective tissue layer.
  • The third and innermost layer is the renal capsule.
  • Renal blood supply starts with the branching of the aorta into the renal arteries (which are each named based on the region of the kidney they pass through) and ends with the exiting of the renal veins to join the inferior vena cava.
  • Each segmental artery splits further into several interlobar arteries that enter the renal columns, which supply the renal lobes.
  • Externally, the kidney is surrounded by the renal fascia, the perirenal fat capsule, and the renal capsule.

• Overview of the Urinary System

  • The renal system organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
  • The  renal system has many functions.
  • The kidneys have extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein.
  • The nephrons are made up of a capsule capillaries (the glomerulus) and a small renal tube.
  • The female and male renal system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.