Voluntary Childlessness

Examples of Voluntary Childlessness in the following topics:

• Childless Couples

  • Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children.
  • Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.
  • First, while younger women are more likely to be childless, older women are more likely to state that they intend to remain childless in the future.
  • With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human extinction movement .
  • With the advent of environmentalism and concerns for stewardship, those choosing to not have children are also sometimes recognized as helping reduce our impact, such as members of the voluntary human extinction movement.

• The Decline of the Traditional Family

  • One parent households, cohabitation, same sex families, and voluntary childless couples are increasingly common.
  • Voluntary childlessness in women is defined as women of childbearing age who are fertile and do not intend to have children, women who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children.
  • Individuals can also be "temporarily childless" or do not currently have children but want children in the future.
  • The availability of reliable contraception along with support provided in old age by systems other than traditional familial ones has made childlessness an option for some people in developed countries.

• Neural Mechanisms (Cortex)

  • Voluntary respiration is any type of respiration that is under conscious control.
  • Voluntary respiration is important for the higher functions that involve air supply, such as voice control or blowing out candles.
  • The primary motor cortex is the neural center for voluntary respiratory control.
  • More broadly, the motor cortex is responsible for initiating any voluntary muscular movement.
  • Different parts of the cerebral cortex control different forms of voluntary respiration.

• Facilitating Private-Voluntary Associations

  • A second function of government is to facilitate private-voluntary associations.
  • A contract is a legally enforceable agreement, and government encourages private-voluntary associations chiefly through laws regarding contracts.
  • Without government, terms of voluntary associations would only be enforceable by the parties and their private associates, a messy and inefficient process at best.
  • Government thus allows voluntary associations on a scale otherwise impossible.

• Market Exchange and Efficiency

  • Under these conditions, from a utilitarian perspective, no one would rationally engage in a voluntary exchange if it made them worse off.
  • Therefore, any voluntary exchange must lead to Pareto superior results.
  • Since exchanges are perceived to be voluntary, no individual would choose to make themselves worse off.
  • Voluntary markets of goods with nonattenuated property rights are consistent with the Utilitarian Ethic and Pareto Efficiency.

• Introduction to Evaluating and Justifying Government

  • Some of our associations with government are voluntary, others are trusts, and still others are involuntary.
  • Through involuntary associations, government obtains most of the resources enabling it to induce people into voluntary associations with it.
  • The policeman is hired by government-as-contractor I; as an employee, his relationship with the government is a compound-voluntary association.
  • True, social contract theorists have argued that government is a voluntary association, as if it were a voluntary association, or ought to be a voluntary association.
  • A contract, like any other voluntary association, requires mutual consent of all the parties, not just a majority of them.

• Voluntary, Involuntary, and Trust Associations

  • Voluntary associations, a third type, are created by the exchange or transfer of inducements or expected inducements by mutual consent.
  • Although it is a trust association between the parents (jointly) and their children, it is a voluntary association between husband and wife.
  • Voluntary associations can be far larger than a family.
  • Four of the predominant institutions in modern America—corporations, labor unions, political parties, and churches—are basically voluntary associations.
  • Hence, the definition of voluntary associations is in terms of inducements or expected inducements.

• A Periodic Table of Associations

  • Private-Voluntary.
  • Compound-Voluntary.
  • Public-Voluntary.
  • Treaties are an example of voluntary associations between coequal, independent governments.
  • Within the US, public-voluntary associations often exist between two or more states.

• Defecation Reflex

  • Defecation is a combination of voluntary and involuntary processes with enough force to remove waste material from the digestive system.
  • In the adult human, the process of defecation is normally a combination of both voluntary and involuntary processes with enough force to remove waste material from the digestive system.
  • Once the voluntary signal to defecate is sent back from the brain, the final phase begins.

• Cooperation

  • There are three main types of cooperation: coerced, voluntary, and unintentional.
  • Voluntary cooperation is cooperation to which all parties consent.
  • An example of voluntary cooperation would be individuals opting to complete a group project for school when given the option of a group project or an individual project.
  • Compare the three types of cooperation (coerced, voluntary and unintentional) and why cooperation is necessary for social reality