saturated hydrocarbon

Examples of saturated hydrocarbon in the following topics:

• Cycloalkanes

  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
  • Cycloalkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that contain a ring in their carbon backbones.
  • However, unlike linear hydrocarbons, which can achieve a more stable tetrahedral configuration around each carbon atom in the backbone, the bond angles in cycloalkanes are constrained, producing ring strain.
  • Hydrocarbons with two rings are called bicyclic, and well-known examples are norbornane and decalin.

• Introduction to Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds, consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon.
  • This class can be further divided into two groups: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, are compounds that consist entirely of single bonds, so that each carbon atom is connected to four other atoms (either another carbon within the skeletal structure or a hydrogen atom).
  • The study of hydrocarbons is particularly important to the fields of chemical and petroleum engineering, as a variety of hydrocarbons can be found in crude oil.

• Hydrogenation

  • Next, two hydrogens shift from the metal surface to the carbons of the double bond, and the resulting saturated hydrocarbon, which is more weakly adsorbed, leaves the catalyst surface.

• Irreversible Addition Reactions

  • If substituent Y is a hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aryl group, the resulting alcohol is a stable compound and does not decompose with loss of hydrogen or hydrocarbons, even on heating.
  • Reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones by metal hydride reagents sometimes leads to a saturated alcohol, especially with sodium borohydride.
  • This product is formed by an initial conjugate addition of hydride to the β-carbon atom, followed by ketonization of the enol product and reduction of the resulting saturated ketone (equation 1 below).
  • If the saturated alcohol is the desired product, catalytic hydrogenation prior to (or following) the hydride reduction may be necessary.
  • These reagents are powerful nucleophiles and very strong bases (pKa's of saturated hydrocarbons range from 42 to 50), so they bond readily to carbonyl carbon atoms, giving alkoxide salts of lithium or magnesium.

• Alkanes

  • Alkanes are relatively unreactive hydrocarbons that contain no double or triple bonds in their carbon skeletons.
  • Alkanes, also called paraffins, are a class of hydrocarbons that are fully saturated with hydrogen.
  • This is in contrast to alkenes and alkynes, which contain double and triple bonds and are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
  • Saturated oils and waxes are examples of larger alkanes where the number of carbons in the carbon backbone is greater than ten.
  • Alkanes are named with the suffix "-ane" following the hydrocarbon prefixes.

• Alkanes

  • Hydrocarbons having no double or triple bond functional groups are classified as alkanes or cycloalkanes, depending on whether the carbon atoms of the molecule are arranged only in chains or also in rings.
  • Although these hydrocarbons have no functional groups, they constitute the framework on which functional groups are located in other classes of compounds, and provide an ideal starting point for studying and naming organic compounds.
  • This is also the highest possible H/C ratio for a stable hydrocarbon.
  • (iv) Since the H/C ratio in these compounds is at a maximum, we call them saturated (with hydrogen).

• Cycloalkanes

  • Although a cycloalkane has two fewer hydrogens than the equivalent alkane, each carbon is bonded to four other atoms so such compounds are still considered to be saturated with hydrogen.
  • Hydrocarbons having more than one ring are common, and are referred to as bicyclic (two rings), tricyclic (three rings) and in general, polycyclic compounds.
  • In general, for a hydrocarbon composed of n carbon atoms associated with m rings the formula is: CnH(2n + 2 - 2m).

• Reactions of Fused Benzene Rings

  • The smallest such hydrocarbon is naphthalene.
  • In the last example, catalytic hydrogenation of one ring takes place under milder conditions than those required for complete saturation (the decalin product exists as cis/trans isomers).

• Alkenes & Alkynes

  • Alkenes and alkynes are hydrocarbons which respectively have carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond functional groups.
  • The molecular formulas of these unsaturated hydrocarbons reflect the multiple bonding of the functional groups:
  • As noted earlier in the Analysis of Molecular Formulas section, the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon provides information about the possible structural types it may represent.

• A Structure Formula Relationship

  • Recall that the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon (CnHm) provides information about the number of rings and/or double bonds that must be present in its structural formula.
  • This molecular formula analysis may be extended beyond hydrocarbons by a few simple corrections.