Chapter 11
Liquids and Solids
By Boundless
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30007/square/hydrogen-bonding-in-water-2d.jpg)
Dipole-dipole interactions are intermolecular attractions that result from two permanent dipoles interacting.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/9431/raw/el-hydrogen-bonds-in-water.jpg)
A hydrogen bond is a strong intermolecular force created by the relative positivity of hydrogen atoms.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30062/square/na+h2o.jpg.jpg)
The ion-dipole force is an intermolecular attraction between an ion and a polar molecule.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10029/square/liquidnitrogen.jpeg)
Dispersion forces are weak intermolecular forces caused by temporary dipoles.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11429/square/properties.jpg)
Water (H2O) has many interesting and unique properties.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10897/square/500px-surface-20tension.jpg)
Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30014/square/laminar_flow_profile.gif)
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11421/square/tubes.jpg)
Capillary action is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to, external forces.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30024/square/826px-fluorite-unit-cell-3d.jpg)
Consider the arrangement of spheres within a lattice to form a view of the structure and complexity of crystalline materials.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30085/square/closepacking.jpg.jpg)
Closest packing refers to the most efficient way to arrange atoms in a crystalline unit cells.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/11272/square/xray.jpeg)
X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within molecules.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/32464/square/n2ugihdnriofqu4fzysc.jpg)
Ions in ionic crystals are bound together by electrostatic attraction.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30032/square/1024px-diamond_and_graphite.jpg)
Atoms in covalent solids are covalently bonded with their neighbors, creating, in effect, one giant molecule.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10379/square/c60-fulleren-kristallin.jpeg)
Molecules held together by van der Waals forces form molecular solids.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30033/square/512px-metallic_bonding.jpg)
Metallic crystals are held together by metallic bonds, electrostatic interactions between cations and delocalized electrons.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/32443/square/cizwibqlq1ekvk6xr0d5.jpg)
Metallic bonding may be described as the sharing of free electrons among a lattice of positively charged metal ions.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30034/square/semiconductor_band_structure_(lots_of_bands).jpg)
The process of adding substances to a pure semiconductor for the purposes of modulating its electrical properties is known as doping.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/32448/square/ail0tb7xq3ciwfkmrdkx.jpg)
Vaporization of a sample of liquid is a phase transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/30089/square/phase_diagram_for_pure_substance.jpg)
A supercritical fluid is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10651/square/fcc-lattice-4.jpeg)
Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered to its freezing point.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10653/square/dry-ice.jpeg)
Sublimation is the phase transition from the solid to the gaseous phase, without passing through an intermediate liquid phase.
![Thumbnail](../../../../../figures.boundless-cdn.com/10656/square/ating-20curve-20of-20water.jpeg)
Water transitions from ice to liquid to water vapor as heat is added to it.