Chapter 12
Solutions
By Boundless
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To form a solution, molecules of solute and solvent must be more attracted to each other than themselves.
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An increase in entropy occurs when a solution is formed, providing one of the many driving forces for this process.
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When ions dissolve in water, the stabilizing interactions that result release energy called the "heat of hydration."
Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per volume of total solution.
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Molality is a property of a solution that indicates the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
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Mole fraction is the number of molecules of a given component in a mixture divided by the total number of moles in the mixture.
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Solubility often depends on temperature; the solubility of many substances increases with increasing temperature.
Solubility of a gas in water tends to decrease with increasing temperature, and solubility of a gas in an organic solvent tends to increase with increasing temperature.
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Increasing pressure will increase the solubility of a gas in a solvent.
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The vapor pressure of a solution is directly influenced by the number of solute molecules present in a given amount of solvent.
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Freezing point depression is a colligative property observed in solutions, brought on by the introduction of solute molecules to a solvent.
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The boiling point of a solvent is elevated in the presence of solutes.
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Osmotic pressure is the pressure needed to nullify the effects of osmosis and is directly influenced by the amount of solute in the system.