BRFSS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

BRFSS is the nation's premier system of health-related telephone surveys that collect state data about U.S. residents regarding their health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. BRFSS collects data in all 50 states as well as the District of Columbia and three U.S. territories. BRFSS completes more than 400,000 adult interviews each year, making it the largest continuously conducted health survey system in the world. For more information on BRFSS, see this fact sheet [PDF - 1.6 MB].

With technical and methodological assistance from CDC, state health departments use in-house interviewers or contract with telephone call centers or universities to administer the BRFSS surveys continuously through the year. The states use a standardized core questionnaire, optional modules, and state-added questions. The survey is conducted using Random Digit Dialing (RDD) techniques on both landlines and cell phones.

For more information about survey methodology and how it was updated in 2011 to permit use of cell phones for data collection, see Annual Survey Data.

BRFSS collects state data about U.S. residents regarding their health-related risk behaviors and events, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. BRFSS also collects data on important emerging health issues such as vaccine shortage and influenza-like illness. For example, since September 2009, federal, state, and local health agencies have used BRFSS to monitor the prevalence rates of influenza-like illness to help with pandemic planning. Interviewers administer the annual BRFSS surveys continuously through the year.

Currently, all states collect BRFSS data to help them establish and track state and local health objectives, plan health programs, implement disease prevention and health promotion activities, and monitor trends. Nearly two thirds of states use BRFSS data to support health-related legislative efforts.

Adults 18 years or older are asked to take part in the survey. Participants are not compensated monetarily but should know that they are taking part in a rewarding endeavor that helps improve the health of U.S. residents. The number of interviews within each state will vary based on funding and the size of regions, such as health districts, within each state.

Survey data and comprehensive documentation (data files, codebooks, design documents, methodology, and more) for a given year can be found in the Annual Survey Data section of this Web site. For data, methodology, and other documentation specific to Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART), please see SMART: BRFSS City and County Data and Documentation.

The states use a standardized core questionnaire—where some core questions are asked every year (fixed core) and others are asked every other year (rotating core)—optional modules—that states can choose to use according to need—and state-added questions. BRFSS also has included space for as many as four emerging core questions for high-priority topics such as vaccine shortage, and influenza-like illness.

Each year states administer the core questionnaire and have the choice to administer optional modules supported by the CDC. To determine which states used which modules, see the Questionnaires page.

Many states include state-added questions at their own expense. Because these questions are not funded by the CDC and are not part of the official BRFSS questionnaire, they are not included on the BRFSS Web site. However, there is a list of state-added question topics available on the BRFSS Questionnaires page.

For information on state-added questions, contact the BRFSS State Coordinators for a specific state.

The content of the BRFSS questionnaire is determined by the BRFSS state coordinators and the CDC. The BRFSS state coordinators may choose to add new questions based on proposals submitted at BRFSS conferences. Each proposal requires a rationale supporting the questions. This rationale should include the following: the origin of the question; history of prior cognitive and validity testing; history of prior use; an analytical plan (i.e., specific prevalence estimates that can be derived from the data); and the extent to which the proposed questions satisfy primary and secondary criteria, such as being pertinent to a Healthy People 2020 objective or priority health issue. The content of the questionnaire reflects the data needs of the state health departments. If questions are approved by the BRFSS state coordinators, then they go through technical review, cognitive testing, and field testing before being placed on the questionnaire.

Annual questionnaires dating back to 1984 are available on the BRFSS Web site under BRFSS Questionnaires.

The questionnaire is also available in Spanish, in the BRFSS Questionnaires section of this site.

Home telephone numbers are obtained through random-digit dialing.

Generally, data and materials produced by federal agencies are in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission. However, we do ask that any published material derived from the data acknowledge CDC's BRFSS as the original source.

Suggested Citation for Survey Questions:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [appropriate year].

Suggested Citation for Online BRFSS Database:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Data. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [appropriate year].

For more information on citations and keywords, visit http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/.

From the 1980s to 2010, CDC has used a statistical method called post stratification to weight BRFSS survey data to known proportions of age, race and ethnicity, sex, geographic region within a population. In 2011 the BRFSS moved to a new weighting methodology known as iterative proportional fitting or raking. Raking has several advantages over post stratification. First, it allows the introduction of more demographic variables—such as education level, marital status, and home ownership—into the statistical weighting process than would have been possible with post stratification. This advantage reduces the potential for bias and increases the representativeness of estimates. Second, raking allows for the incorporation of a now-crucial variable—telephone ownership (landline and/or cellular telephone)—into the BRFSS weighting methodology.
Beginning with the 2011 dataset, raking succeeded post stratification as the BRFSS statistical weighting method. As noted in the previous paragraph, age, sex, categories of ethnicity, geographic regions within states, marital status, education level, home ownership and type of phone ownership are currently used to weight BRFSS data.

Yes. Several questionnaires included four questions about health insurance, regular care provider, and last health checkup. Prevalence data by state can be sorted by race, gender, age, income, or education by using the "grouping" menu at the top right of the data page.

Also, in administering the 2013 BRFSS survey, states and territories will have the option to apply for funding to help them add a series of additional questions about health care access and use.

Methodologic changes were made to the 2011 BRFSS to keep the data accurate and representative of the total population. For information about changes to the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, see the FAQ About Changes to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

The Selected Metropolitan/Micropolitan Area Risk Trends (SMART) project uses the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to analyze the data of selected metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas (MMSAs) with 500 or more respondents. BRFSS data can be used to identify emerging health problems, establish and track health objectives, and develop and evaluate public health policies and programs. For more information on SMART BRFSS please see the SMART: BRFSS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).

BRFSS Maps is an interactive mapping application that graphically displays the prevalence of behavioral risk factors at the state and MMSA level using GIS (geographic information systems) mapping technology and BRFSS data. For more information on BRFSS Interactive Maps (GIS), see the BRFSS Maps: Methods and Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).

All questions should be directed to your BRFSS state coordinator. Up-to-date contact information can be found on the BRFSS State Coordinators.