Amyl nitrite

Amyl nitrite
Chemical structure of amyl nitrite
Ball-and-stick model of amyl nitrite
Names
Other namesIsoamyl nitrite, nitramyl, 3-methyl-1-nitrosooxybutane, pentyl alcohol nitrite (ambiguous), poppers, banapple gas
IUPAC name
  • (3-methylbutyl) nitrite
Clinical data
Onset of actionWithin 30 sec[1]
Duration of actionAbout 4 min[1]
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC5H11NO2
Molar mass117.148 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density0.872 g/cm3
Boiling point99 °C (210 °F)
Solubility in waterSlightly soluble mg/mL (20 °C)
SMILES
  • O=NOCCCCC
InChI
  • InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-2-3-4-5-8-6-7/h2-5H2,1H3 checkY
  • Key:CSDTZUBPSYWZDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

Amyl nitrite is a chemical compound and medication.[2][3] As a medication it has been used for heart related chest pain and cyanide poisoning.[1][2] For chest pain nitroglycerin is now generally used instead.[3] It is also used recreational by inhalation with claims that it makes a person high and improves sexual function.[1][3] Effects begin within 30 seconds and last about 4 minutes.[1]

Common side effects may include headache, flushing of the skin, and lightheadedness.[1] Other side effects may include fainting, lose of bladder control, low blood pressure, and nausea.[1] Large doses may result in methemoglobinemia.[1] Tolerance to its effects may occur with withdrawal after it is stopped.[2] It is a yellow liquid with a smell that has been described as fruity.[4][2] Medically it works by dilating blood vessels.[2]

Amyl nitrite was first documented in 1844 and came into medical use in 1867.[5] It was available as a generic medication; however, is no longer approved for medical use in the United States.[6][1] It came into common recreational use in the 1960s particularly by the gay community in the United States.[2][4] Common street names include "poppers" and "pearls".[2] Butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite are sometimes sold claiming to be amyl nitrite for recreational use.[2]

Uses

An early container of amyl nitrite, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow

Medical

Recreational

It is also used recreationally as an inhalant drug that induces a brief euphoric state, and when combined with other intoxicant stimulant drugs such as cocaine or MDMA, the euphoric state intensifies and is prolonged. Once some stimulative drugs wear off, a common side effect is a period of depression or anxiety, colloquially called a "come down"; amyl nitrite is sometimes used to combat these negative after-effects. This effect, combined with its dissociative effects, has led to its use as a recreational drug (see poppers).[7]

Other

Amyl nitrite is used as a cleaning agent and solvent in industrial and household applications. It replaced dichlorodifluoromethane, an industrial chemical universally banned in 1996 due to damage to the ozone layer,[10] as a printed circuit board cleaner. Trace amounts are added to some perfumes.[11]

Side effects

Amyl nitrite is highly toxic when ingested.[12] Though considered relatively safe when inhaled,[13][14] there are case reports of life threatening toxicity from inhalation of large amounts.[15]

Significant acute toxicity principally results from methaemoglobinaemia. Contaminated haemoglobin, methaemoglobin, prevents red cells from carrying oxygen. The patient has a blueish appearance.[15][12] Treatment in severe cases is with intravenous methylene blue which rather alarmingly turns the patient even more blue, though is in fact very effective in clearing the methaemoglobin.

The extent of impaired oxygen carrying capacity and subsequent tissue hypoxia is not evident on routine investigations. Pulse oximetry grossly exaggerates the oxygen carrying capacity of methaemoglobin. Arterial blood gas analysis also assumes all haemoglobin present has the capacity to carry oxygen.[15] Thankfully arterial and venous blood gas samples are reported with a percentage of methaemoglobin in the emergency departments of the UK.

Mechanism of action

A variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrite functional group. The alkyl group is unreactive and the chemical and biological properties are mainly due to the nitrite group. Like other alkyl nitrites, amyl nitrite is bioactive in mammals, being a vasodilator, which is the basis of its use as a prescription medicine.

Amyl nitrite, in common with other alkyl nitrites,[16] is a potent vasodilator; it expands blood vessels, resulting in lowering of the blood pressure. Amyl nitrite may be used during cardiovascular stress testing in patients with suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to cause vasodilation and thereby reduce afterload and provoke a left ventricular outflow tract obstruction by increasing the pressure gradient. Alkyl nitrites are a source of nitric oxide, which signals for relaxation of the involuntary muscles. Physical effects include decrease in blood pressure, headache, flushing of the face, increased heart rate, dizziness, and relaxation of involuntary muscles, especially the blood vessel walls and the internal and external anal sphincter. There are no withdrawal symptoms. Overdose symptoms include nausea, vomiting, hypotension, hypoventilation, shortness of breath, and fainting. The effects set in very quickly, typically within a few seconds and disappear within a few minutes. Amyl nitrite may also intensify the experience of synesthesia.[17]

Synthesis and reactions

Alkyl nitrites are prepared by the reaction of alcohols with nitrous acid:[18]

ROH + HONO → RONO + H2O, where R = alkyl group

The reaction is called esterification. Synthesis of alkyl nitrites is, in general, straightforward and can be accomplished in home laboratories. A common procedure includes the dropwise addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to a cooled mixture of an aqueous sodium nitrite solution and an alcohol. The intermediately-formed stoichiometric mixture of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide then converts the alcohol to the alkyl nitrite, which, due to its low density, will form an upper layer that can be easily decanted from the reaction mixture.

Isoamyl nitrite decomposes in the presence of base to give nitrite salts and the isoamyl alcohol:

C5H11ONO + NaOH → C5H11OH + NaNO2

Amyl nitrite, like other alkyl nitrites, reacts with carbanions to give oximes.[19]

Amyl nitrites are also useful as reagents in a modification of the Sandmeyer reaction. The reaction of the alkyl nitrite with an aromatic amine in a halogenated solvent produces a radical aromatic species, this then frees a halogen atom from the solvent. For the synthesis of aryl iodides diiodomethane is used,[20][21] whereas bromoform is the solvent of choice for the synthesis of aryl bromides.[22]

Names

The term "amyl nitrite" encompasses several isomers. In older literature, the common non-systematic name "amyl" was often used for the pentyl group, where the amyl group is a linear or normal (n) alkyl group, and the resulting amyl nitrite would have the structural formula CH3(CH2)4ONO, also referred to as n-amyl nitrite.

A common form of amyl nitrite is the isomer with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2CH2ONO, which may be more specifically referred to as isoamyl nitrite.

The similarly-named amyl nitrate has very different properties. At the same time, isopropyl nitrite has a similar structure and similar uses (also called 'poppers') but with worse side-effects.

It is also referred to as banapple gas.[23]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Amyl Nitrite Inhalant - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. (2012). Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery. SAGE Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4522-6601-5. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  3. 1 2 3 Stimmel, Barry (2002). Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, and the Road to Recovery: Life on the Edge. Psychology Press. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-7890-0553-3. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  4. 1 2 Rietschel, Robert L.; Fowler, Joseph F.; Fisher, Alexander A. (2008). Fisher's Contact Dermatitis. PMPH-USA. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-55009-378-0. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
  5. ↑ Fischer, Jnos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. XXX. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  6. ↑ Fraunfelder, Frederick T.; Fraunfelder, Frederick W.; Chambers, Wiley A. (2008). Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical Ocular Toxicology E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-323-31985-0. Archived from the original on 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  7. 1 2 AJ Giannini, AE Slaby, MC Giannini. The Handbook of Overdose and Detoxification Emergencies. New Hyde Park, NY. Medical Examination Publishing Co., 1982, pp.48-50.
  8. ↑ Mason DT, Braunwald E (November 1965). "The effects of nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite on arteriolar and venous tone in the human forearm". Circulation. 32 (5): 755–66. doi:10.1161/01.cir.32.5.755. PMID 4954412.
  9. ↑ Vale, J. A. (2001). "Cyanide Antidotes: from Amyl Nitrite to Hydroxocobalamin – Which Antidote is Best?". Toxicology. 168 (1): 37–38.
  10. ↑ "Dichlorodifluoromethane at LearnChemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry)". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  11. ↑ "Amyl Nitrite Use and Manufacturing". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-11-20. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  12. 1 2 "Amyl Nitrite". Toxbase. UK National Poisons Information Service. December 2018. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  13. ↑ Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C. "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369: 1047–53.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ "Volatile Nitrites". May 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-07-30.
  15. 1 2 3 Modarai, B (2002-05-01). "Methylene blue: a treatment for severe methaemoglobinaemia secondary to misuse of amyl nitrite". Emergency Medicine Journal. 19 (3): 270–270. doi:10.1136/emj.19.3.270. ISSN 1472-0205. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
  16. ↑ Nickerson M, Parker JO, Lowry TP, Swenson EW (1979). Isobutyl Nitrite and Related Compounds (PDF) (1st ed.). San Francisco California: PHARMEX. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27.
  17. ↑ Richard Cytowic, The Man Who Tasted Shapes, 2003.
  18. ↑ Noyes WA (1943). "n-Butyl Nitrite". Organic Syntheses.; Collective Volume, vol. 2, p. 108
  19. ↑ Chen YK, Jeon SJ, Walsh PJ, Nugent WA (2005). "(2S)-(−)-3-exo-(Morpholino)isoborneol ((−)-MIB)". Organic Syntheses. 82: 87.
  20. ↑ Smith, William B.; Ho, Oliver Chenpu (1990). "Application of the isoamyl nitrite-diiodomethane route to aryl iodides". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 55 (8): 2543–2545. doi:10.1021/jo00295a056.
  21. ↑ Cornforth, John; Kumar, Ashok; Stuart, Alan S. (1987). "Synthesis of substituted dibenzophospholes. Part 6. Preparation of symmetrical and non-symmetrical quaterphenyl intermediates". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1: 859. doi:10.1039/P19870000859.
  22. ↑ Cadogan, J. I. G.; Roy, D. A.; Smith, D. M. (1966). "An alternative to the Sandmeyer reaction". Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic: 1249. doi:10.1039/J39660001249.
  23. ↑ Nordegren, Thomas (2002). The A-Z Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. Brown Walker Press. p. 94. ISBN 158112404X. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2017.

Further reading

  • Kjonaas, Richard A. (1996). "Amyl: A Misunderstood Word". Journal of Chemical Education. 73 (12): 1127. Bibcode:1996JChEd..73.1127K. doi:10.1021/ed073p1127. Editorial on the use of the word "amyl".
Identifiers:
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.