Pilomatricoma

Pilomatricoma
Other names: Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe,[1] Malherbe calcifying epithelioma, and Pilomatrixoma

Pilomatricoma, is a benign skin tumor derived from the hair matrix.[2][3] These neoplasms are relatively uncommon and typically occur on the scalp, face, and upper extremities. Clinically, pilomatricomas present as a subcutaneous nodule or cyst with unremarkable overlying epidermis that can range in size from 0.5-3.0 cm, but the largest reported case was 24 cm.[4]

Signs and symptoms

Pilomatricoma is a small lump underneath the human skin which grows slow and has no symptoms other than the aforementioned.[5]

  • Dermoscopy of pilomatricoma
    Dermoscopy of pilomatricoma
  • Pilomatricoma dermoscopy
    Pilomatricoma dermoscopy
  • Micrograph of a pilomatricoma showing the characteristic "ghost" cells (anucleate squamous cells), benign viable squamous cells and multi-nucleated giant cells. H&E stain.
    Micrograph of a pilomatricoma showing the characteristic "ghost" cells (anucleate squamous cells), benign viable squamous cells and multi-nucleated giant cells. H&E stain.

Associations

Pilomatricomas have been observed in a variety of genetic disorders including Turner syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Trisomy 9, and Gardner syndrome.[6] It has been reported that the prevalence of pilomatricomas in Turner syndrome is 2.6%.[7]

Hybrid cysts that are composed of epidermal inclusion cysts and pilomatricoma-like changes have been repeatedly observed in Gardner syndrome.[8][9][10][11] This association has prognostic import, since cutaneous findings in children with Gardner Syndrome generally precede colonic polyposis.

Histologic features

Pilomatricomas consist of anucleate squamous cells (called "ghost cells"), benign viable squamous cells and foreign body giant cells. These neoplasms have a characteristic transition of cells. The lining of the cyst consists of basoloid cells with indistinct cell borders and basophilic nuclei that mature into the eosinophilic anucleated squamous cells. The presence of calcifications with foreign body giant cells is common within the tumors.[12]

Pathogenesis

Pilomatricoma is associated with high levels of beta-catenin caused by either a mutation in the APC gene or a stabilizing mutation in the beta-catenin gene, CTNNB1. High levels of beta-catenin increases cell proliferation, inhibit cell death, and ultimately leads to neoplastic growth.[7]

Diagnosis

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
  2. ↑ James, William Daniel; Berger, Timothy G.; Elston, Dirk M., eds. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 670. ISBN 978-0-8089-2351-0.
  3. ↑ Levy, Jaime; Ilsar, Michael; Deckel, Yael; Maly, Alexander; Anteby, Irene; Pe'er, Jacob (2008). "Eyelid Pilomatrixoma: A Description of 16 cases and a Review of the Literature". Survey of Ophthalmology. 53 (5): 526–35. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.06.007. PMID 18929763.
  4. ↑ Gongidi, P.; Meshekow, J.; Holdbrook, T.; Germaine, P. (2015). "Giant Pilomatrixoma Presenting in the Posterior Thorax, a Rare Location and the Largest Described". Case Reports in Radiology. 2015: 590742. doi:10.1155/2015/590742. PMC 4339831. PMID 25763287.
  5. ↑ "Pilomatricoma: MedlinePlus Genetics". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  6. ↑ Cooper, Philip H.; Fechner, Robert E. (1983). "Pilomatricoma-like changes in the epidermal cysts of Gardner's syndrome". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 8 (5): 639–44. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70071-X. PMID 6863619.
  7. 1 2 Glanz, Steven M.; Kessler, Harvey P.; Eskin, Thomas A.; Liu, Chen; Hassanein, Ashraf M. (2003). "b-Catenin Is Expressed Aberrantly in Tumors Expressing Shadow Cells Pilomatricoma, Craniopharyngioma, and Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 120 (5): 732–6. doi:10.1309/EALEG7LD6W7167PX. PMID 14608900.
  8. ↑ Narisawa, Yutaka; Kohda, Hiromu (1989). "An Unusual Hybrid Cyst in Gardner's Syndrome with Partial Differentiation toward the Inner Root Sheath". The Journal of Dermatology. 16 (6): 492–5. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.1989.tb01591.x. PMID 2628457.
  9. ↑ Rütten, A; Wenzel, P; Goos, M (1990). "Gardner-Syndrom mit pilomatrixomartigen Haarfollikelzysten" [Gardner syndrome with pilomatrixoma-like hair follicle cysts]. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift FüR Dermatologie, Venerologie, und Verwandte Gebiete (in Deutsch). 41 (6): 326–8. PMID 2380070. INIST:19291018.
  10. ↑ Narisawa, Yutaka; Kohda, Hiromu (1995). "Cutaneous cysts of Gardner's syndrome are similar to follicular stem cells". Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 22 (2): 115–21. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1995.tb01392.x. PMID 7560342.
  11. ↑ Urabe, Kazunori; Xia, Jianxin; Masuda, Teiichi; Moroi, Yoichi; Furue, Masutaka; Matsumoto, Takayuki (2004). "Pilomatricoma-Like Changes in the Epidermoid Cysts of Gardner Syndrome with an APC Gene Mutation". The Journal of Dermatology. 31 (3): 255–7. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00669.x. PMID 15187352.
  12. ↑ Elder, David E.; Johnson, Bernett L.; Elenitsas, Rosalie, eds. (2005). Lever's Histopathology of the Skin. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-3742-5.
Classification
External resources
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