Atransferrinemia

Atransferrinemia
Other names: familial atransferrinemia
Atransferrinemia has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning both copies of the gene in each cell are defective.
SymptomsAnemia[1]
CausesMutations in the TF gene[2]
Diagnostic methodTF level, Physical exam[2]
TreatmentOral iron therapy[3]

Atransferrinemia is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder in which there is an absence of transferrin, a plasma protein that transports iron through the blood.[2][4] Atransferrinemia is characterized by anemia and hemosiderosis in the heart and liver. The iron damage to the heart can lead to heart failure. The anemia is typically microcytic and hypochromic (the red blood cells are abnormally small and pale). Atransferrinemia was first described in 1961 and is extremely rare, with only ten documented cases worldwide.[5]

Types

There are two forms of this condition that causes an absence of transferrin in the affected individual:[6]

  • Acquired atransferrinemia
  • Congenital atransferrinemia

Symptoms and signs

The presentation of this disorder entails anemia, arthritis, hepatic anomalies, and recurrent infections are clinical signs of the disease.[1] Iron overload occurs mainly in the liver, heart, pancreas, thyroid, and kidney.[7]

Genetics

In terms of genetics of atransferrinemia researchers have identified mutations in the TF gene as a probable cause of this genetic disorder in affected people.[2]

Mechanism

Transferrin is a serum transport protein that transports iron to the reticuloendothelial system for utilization and erythropoiesis, since there is no transferrin in atransferrinemia, serum free iron cannot reach reticuloendothelial cells and there is microcytic anemia.[8][9][10] Also, this excess iron deposits itself in the heart, liver and joints, and causes damage. Ferritin, the storage form of iron gets secreted more into the bloodstream so as to bind with the excessive free iron and hence serum ferritin levels rise in this condition

  • Dynamics of systemic iron balance- plasma transferrin delivers iron to bone marrow erythroblasts and to other tissues
    Dynamics of systemic iron balance- plasma transferrin delivers iron to bone marrow erythroblasts and to other tissues[11]
  • Protein TF (from TF gene)
    Protein TF (from TF gene)

Diagnosis

Anemia

The diagnosis of atransferrinemia is done via the following means to ascertain if an individual has the condition:[2]

Treatment

RBC

The treatment of atransferrinemia is apotransferrin. The missing protein without iron. Iron treatment is detrimental as it does not correct the anemia and is a cause of secondary hemochromatosis.[3]

See also

  • Transferrin

References

  1. 1 2 "Atransferrinemia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 RESERVED, INSERM US14 -- ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Congenital atransferrinemia". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  3. 1 2 Hoffman, Ronald; Benz, Edward J. Jr.; Silberstein, Leslie E.; Heslop, Helen; Weitz, Jeffrey; Anastasi, John (2012). Hematology: Diagnosis and Treatment. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 443. ISBN 978-1455740413. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  4. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 209300 - ATRANSFERRINEMIA". omim.org. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  5. ↑ "Atransferrinemia". National Organization for Rare Disorders. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Marks, Vincent; Mesko, Dusan (2002). Differential Diagnosis by Laboratory Medicine: A Quick Reference for Physicians. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 633. ISBN 9783540430575. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  7. ↑ Barton, James C.; Edwards, Corwin Q. (2001). Hemochromatosis: Genetics, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Cambridge University Press. p. 212. ISBN 9780521593809. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  8. ↑ Bartnikas, Thomas Benedict (1 August 2012). "Known and potential roles of transferrin in iron biology". BioMetals. 25 (4): 677–686. doi:10.1007/s10534-012-9520-3. PMC 3595092. PMID 22294463.
  9. ↑ Reference, Genetics Home. "TF gene". Genetics Home Reference. Archived from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  10. ↑ "OMIM Entry - * 190000 - TRANSFERRIN; TF". omim.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  11. ↑ Pantopoulos, Kostas (2018). "Inherited Disorders of Iron Overload". Frontiers in Nutrition. 5. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00103/full. ISSN 2296-861X. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.

Further reading

Classification
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.