Defecation

Human anatomy of the anorecturm (anus and rectum)

Defecation (or defaecation) is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate a solid, semisolid, or liquid waste material known as feces from the digestive tract via the anus. The act has a variety of euphuisms ranging from the common, like pooping, to the technical, i.e. bowel movement. There are too many colloquial terms to mention. The topic, usually avoided among polite company, can become the basis for some potty humour.

Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly.[1] Waves of muscular contraction (known as peristalsis) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum. Undigested food may also be expelled this way, in a process called egestion. When birds defecate, they also expel urine and urates in the same mass, whereas other animals may also urinate at the same time, but spatially separated. Defecation may also accompany childbirth and death. Babies defecate a unique substance called meconium prior to eating external foods.

There are a number of medical conditions associated with defecation, such as diarrhea and constipation, some of which can be serious. The feces expelled can carry diseases, most often through the contamination of food. E. coli is a particular concern.

Before potty training, human feces are most often collected into a diaper. Thereafter, in many societies people commonly defecate into a toilet. However, open defecation, the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind, is still widespread in some developing countries.[2] Some people defecate into the ocean. First world countries use sewage treatment plants and/or on-site treatment.

Description

Video of a cow defecating

Physiology

The rectum ampulla stores fecal waste (also called stool) before it is excreted. As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls, stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis, where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon.

When the rectum is full, an increase in pressure within the rectum forces apart the walls of the anal canal, allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.[3]

Voluntary and involuntary control

The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control whereas the internal anal sphincter is involuntary. In infants, the defaecation occurs by reflex action without the voluntary control of the external anal sphincter. Defecation is voluntary in adults. Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training. Once trained, loss of control, called fecal incontinence, may be caused by physical injury, nerve injury, prior surgeries (such as an episiotomy), constipation, diarrhea, loss of storage capacity in the rectum, intense fright, inflammatory bowel disease, psychological or neurological factors, childbirth, or death.[4]

Sometimes, due to the inability to control one's bowel movement or due to excessive fear, defecation (usually accompanied by urination) occurs involuntarily, soiling a person's undergarments. This may cause significant embarrassment to the person if this occurs in the presence of other people or a public place.

Posture

The positions and modalities of defecation are culture-dependent. Squat toilets are used by the vast majority of the world, including most of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.[5] The use of sit-down toilets in the Western world is a relatively recent development, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing.[6]

Disease

Regular bowel movements determine the functionality and the health of the alimentary tracts in human body. Defecation is the most common regular bowel movement which eliminates waste from the human body. The frequency of defecation is hard to identify, which can vary from daily to weekly depending on individual bowel habits, the impact from the environment and genetic.[7] If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden, resulting in constipation. If defecation occurs too fast, before excess liquid is absorbed, diarrhea may occur.[8] Other associated symptoms can include abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, and abdominal distention.[9] Disorders of the bowel can seriously impact quality of life and daily activities. The causes of functional bowel disorder are multifactorial, and dietary habits such as food intolerance and low fiber diet are considered to be the primary factors.[10]

Constipation

Constipation, also known as defecatory dysfunction, is difficulty experienced when passing stools. It is one of the most notable alimentary disorders that affects different age groups in the population. The common constipation is associated with abdominal distention, pain or bloating.[11] Researches revealed that the chronic constipation complied with higher risk of cardiovascular events such as 'coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke', while associating with an increasing risk of mortality.[12] Besides the dietary factors, the psychological traumas and 'pelvic floor disorders' can also cause the chronic constipation and defecatory disorder respectively.[11] Multiple interventions, including physical activities, 'high-fibre diet', probiotics[13] and drug therapies can be widely and efficiently used to treat constipation and defecatory disorder.

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Inflammatory disease is characterized as a long-lasting chronic inflammatory throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two universal type of inflammatory bowel diseases that have been studied over a century, and they are closely related to different environmental risk factors, family genetic and people's lifestyle such that smoking is considered highly associated with these diseases.[14] Crohn's disease is discovered to be related to immune disorders particularly.[15] Different level of cumulative intestinal injuries can cause different complications, such as "fistulae, damage of bowel function and symptoms reoccur, disability", etc.[16] The patient group can vary from children to adults. The newest research revealed that immunodeficiency and monogenic are the causes of young patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.[17] The onset rate keeps updating each year with dramatically increased number and the pathogen of the bowel disease are also complicated due to the complexity of the bowel organs, bowel diseases are diverse in terms of the small and big bowel.

Common symptoms for inflammatory bowel diseases differ by the infection level, but may include severe abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigue and unexpected weight loss. Crohn's disease can lead to infection of any part of the digestive tract, including ileum to anus.[18] Internal manifestations include diarrhoea, abdomen pain, fever, chronic anaemia, etc. External manifestations include impact on skin, joints, eyes and liver. Significantly reduced "microbat diversity" inside the gastrointestinal tract can also be observed. Ulcerative colitis mainly affects the function of the large bowel, and its incidence rate is three times larger than the Crohn's disease.[19] In terms of clinical features, over 90% of patients exhibited constant diarrhoea, 'rectal bleeding, softer and mucus in the stool, tenesmus and abdomen pain'.[19] At the same time, patient also reported to be having "arthralgia, episcleritis and erythema nodosum".[19] The symptoms can continue for around 6 weeks or even more than that.

The inflammatory bowel diseases could be effectively treated by 'pharmacotherapies' to relieve and maintain the symptoms, which showed in 'mucosal healing' and symptoms elimination.[20] However, an optimal therapy for curing both inflammatory diseases are still under research due to the heterogeneity in clinical feature.[20] Although both UC and CD are sharing similar symptoms, the medical treatment of them are distinctively different.[20] Dietary treatment can benefit for curing CD by increase the dietary zinc and fish intake, which is related to mucosal healing of the bowel.[15] Treatments vary from drug treatment to surgery based on the active level of the CD. UC can also be relieved by using immunosuppressive therapy for mild to moderate disease level and application of biological agents for severe cases.[19]

Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome is diagnosed as an intestinal disorder with chronic abdominal pain and inconsistency in form of stool, and is a common bowel disease that can be easily diagnosed in modern society.[21] The variation in incident rate can be explained by different diagnostic criteria in different countries, with the 18–34 age group being recognized as the high frequency incident group.[21] The definite cause of irritable bowel syndrome remains a mystery, however it has been found to relate to multiple factors, such as 'alternation of mood and pressure, sleep disorders, food triggers, changing of dysbiosis and even sexual dysfunction'.[21] One third of irritable bowel syndrome patients has family history with the disease suggesting that genetic predisposition could be a significant cause for irritable bowel syndrome.[22]

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome commonly experience abdominal pain, changes to stool form, reourrent abdominal bloating and gas,[22] co-morbid disorders and alternation in bowel habits that caused diarrhea or constipation.[21] However, anxiety and tension can also be detected, although patients with irritable bowel disease seem healthy. Apart from these typical symptoms, rectal bleeding, unexpected weight loss and increased inflammatory markers require further medical examination and investigation.[21]

Treatment for irritable bowel disease is multimodal. Dietary intervention and pharmacotherapies can both relieve the symptoms to a certain degree. Avoiding allergic food groups can be beneficial by reducing fermentation in the digestive tract and gas production, hence effectively alleviating abdominal pain and bloating.[21] Drug interventions, such as laxatives, loperamide,[21] and lubiprostone[22] are applied to relieve intense symptoms including diarrhea, abdominal pain and constipation. Psychological treatment, dietary supplements[21] and gut-focused hypnotherapy[22] are recommended for targeting depression, mood disorders and sleep disturbance.

Bowel obstruction

Bowel obstruction is a bowel condition which is a blockage that can be found in both the small intestines and large intestines. Increase of contractions can relieve blockages, however, continuous contractions with decreasing functionality may lead to terminated mobility of the small intestines, which then forms the obstruction. At the same time, the lack of contractility encourages liquid and gas accumulation.[23] and "electrolyte disturbances".[24] Small bowel obstruction can result in severe renal damage and hypovolemia.[24] while evolving into "mucosal ischemia and perforation".[23] Patients with small bowel obstruction were found to experience constipation, strangulation and abdominal pain and vomiting.[23] Surgical intervention is primarily used to cure severe small bowel obstruction condition. Nonoperative therapy included nasogastric tube decompression, water-soluble-contrast medium process or symptomatic management can be applied to treat less severe symptoms[23]

According to research, large bowel obstruction is less common than small bowel obstruction, but is still associated with a high mortality rate.[25] Large bowel obstruction, also known as colonic obstruction, includes acute colonic obstruction, where a blockage is formed in the colon. Colonic obstructions frequently occur within the elder population, often accompanied by significant 'comorbidities'.[26] Although colonic malignancy is revealed as the major cause of the colonic obstruction, volvulus has also been founded as a secondary common cause around the world.[25] In addition, lower mobility, unhealthy mentality and restricted living environment are also listed as risk factors. Surgery and colonic stent placements are widely applied for curing colonic obstructions.[27]

Other

Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway (the valsalva maneuver) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a toilet. This contraction of expiratory chest muscles, diaphragm, abdominal wall muscles, and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract. Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure. Cardiac arrest[28] and other cardiovascular complications[29] can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the valsalva maneuver. Valsalva retinopathy is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver.[30][31] Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots (see thrombosis). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, can result in a blackout.

Society and culture

Open defecation

Open defecation is the human practice of defecating outside (in the open environment) rather than into a toilet. People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals or other open space for defecation. They do so because either they do not have a toilet readily accessible or due to traditional cultural practices.[32] The practice is common where sanitation infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available, behavior change efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets.

Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems. High levels of open defecation are linked to high child mortality, poor nutrition, poverty, and large disparities between rich and poor.[33]: 11 

Ending open defecation is an indicator being used to measure progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal Number 6. Extreme poverty and lack of sanitation are statistically linked. Therefore, eliminating open defecation is thought to be an important part of the effort to eliminate poverty.[34]

Anal cleansing after defecation

The anus and buttocks may be cleansed after defecation with toilet paper, similar paper products, or other absorbent material. In many countries water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively. When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation, toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards. Some doctors and people who work in the science and hygiene fields have stated that switching to using a bidet as a form of anal cleansing after defecation is both more hygienic and more environmentally friendly.[35]

Mythology and tradition

The caganer is a defecating figurine in Spanish nativity scenes

Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role. For example:

  • In an Alune and Wemale legend from the island of Seram, Maluku Province, Indonesia, the mythical girl Hainuwele defecates valuable objects.[36]
  • One of the traditions of Catalonia (Spain) relates to the caganer, a figurine depicting the act of defecation which appears in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture. The exact origin of the caganer is lost, but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century.[37]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Basics of Constipation". WebMD. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
  2. ↑ WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017
  3. ↑ "Bowel Function Anatomy" (PDF). University of Michigan Health System. Retrieved 2021-05-19. The levator ani and the puborectalis need to coordinate properly in order to expel contents from the anal canal.
  4. ↑ "Fecal incontinence - Causes". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  5. ↑ Kira, Alexander (1976). The Bathroom (2. ed. New and expanded ed.). New York, N.Y.: Viking Pr. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-670-00612-0.
  6. ↑ C. Singer; E Holmyard; A Hall; T. Williams, eds. (1958) [1954]. A History of Technology. Vol. IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. Oxford Clarendon Press. pp. 507–508. OCLC 886036895.
  7. ↑ Nath, Preetam; Singh, Shivaram Prasad (2017). "Defecation and Stools in Vegetarians". Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention. pp. 473–481. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00026-5. ISBN 978-0-12-803968-7.
  8. ↑ NIH. "Bowel Movement". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  9. ↑ Lacy, Brian E.; Mearin, Fermín; Chang, Lin; Chey, William D.; Lembo, Anthony J.; Simren, Magnus; Spiller, Robin (May 2016). "Bowel Disorders". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1393–1407.e5. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID 27144627.
  10. ↑ Grace, Sandra; Barnes, Larisa; Reilly, Wayne; Vlass, Ann; de Permentier, Patrick (December 2018). "An integrative review of dietetic and naturopathic approaches to functional bowel disorders". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 41: 67–80. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.004. PMID 30477867. S2CID 53768740.
  11. 1 2 Hay, Tyler; Bellomo, Ranaldo; Rechnitzer, Tom; See, Emily; Abdelhamid, Yasmine Ali; Deane, Adam (January 2019). "Constipation, diarrhea, and prophylactic laxative bowel regimens in the critically ill: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Journal of Critical Care. 52: 242–250. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.01.004. PMID 30665795. S2CID 58667995.
  12. ↑ Sumida, Keiichi; Molnar, Miklos Z; Potukuchi, Praveen K; Thomas, Fridtjof; Ling, Jun Lu; Yamagata, Kunihiro; Zadeh, Kamyar Kalantar; Kovesdy, Casba P (February 2019). "Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events". Atherosclerosis. 281: 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021. PMC 6399019. PMID 30658186.
  13. ↑ Hod, Keren; Ringel, Yehuda (February 2016). "Probiotics in functional bowel disorders". Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 30 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2016.01.003. PMID 27048900.
  14. ↑ Fiocchi, Claudio (1998). "Inflammatory bowel disease: Etiology and pathogenesis". Gastroenterology. 115 (1): 182–205. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70381-6. PMID 9649475.
  15. 1 2 Baumgart, Daniel C; Sandborn, William J (November 2012). "Crohn's disease". The Lancet. 380 (9853): 1590–1605. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60026-9. PMID 22914295. S2CID 18672997.
  16. ↑ Agrawal, Manasi; Colombel, Jean-Frederic (2019). "Treat-to-Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, What Is the Target and How Do We Treat?". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 29 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.004. PMID 31078245. S2CID 132251418.
  17. ↑ Kelsen, Juridth R; Russo, Pierre; Sullivan, Kathleen E (February 2019). "Early-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 39 (1): 63–79. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2018.08.008. PMC 6954002. PMID 30466773.
  18. ↑ Mak, Wing Yan; Hart, Alisa L; Ng, Siew C (2019). "Crohn's disease". Medicine. 47 (6): 377–387. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.007. S2CID 242228134.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Steed, Helen (May 2019). "Ulcerative colitis". Medicine. 47 (6): 371–376. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.001. S2CID 243328622.
  20. 1 2 3 Jeong, Dong Yeon; Kim, Seung; Son, Min Ji; Son, Chei Yun; Kim, Jong Yeob; Kronbichler, Andreas; Lee, Keum Hwa; Shin, Jae II (May 2019). "Induction and maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review". Autoimmunity Reviews. 18 (5): 439–454. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.002. PMID 30844556. S2CID 73466469.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Waldman, Steven D. (2019). "Irritable Bowel Syndrome". Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. pp. 294–297. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-54731-4.00076-1. ISBN 978-0-323-54731-4. S2CID 239092846.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Farmer, Adam D; Ruffle, James K (May 2019). "Irritable bowel syndrome". Medicine. 47 (6): 350–353. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.03.009. PMC 5001845. PMID 27159638.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Long, Brit; Robertson, Jennifer; Koyfman, Alex (February 2019). "Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 56 (2): 166–176. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024. PMID 30527563. S2CID 54480601.
  24. 1 2 Johnston, Lily E.; Hanks, John B. (2019). "Small Bowel Obstruction". Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set. pp. 842–850. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8. ISBN 978-0-323-40232-3. S2CID 81585148.
  25. 1 2 Farkas, Nicholas G.; Welman, Ted Joseph P.; Ross, Talisa; Brown, Sarah; Smith, Jason J.; Pawa, Nikhil (February 2019). "Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction". Current Problems in Surgery. 56 (2): 49–90. doi:10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001. PMID 30777150. S2CID 59277670.
  26. ↑ Frago, Ricardo; Ramirez, Elena; Millan, Monica; Kreisler, Esther; Valle, Emilio del; Biondo, Sebastiano (January 2014). "Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review". The American Journal of Surgery. 207 (1): 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027. PMID 24124659.
  27. ↑ Laboa, Maria Navajas; Calzada, Aitor Orive; Landaluce, Aitor; Estevez, Inaki Zabalza; Larena, Jose Alejandro; Arevalo-Serna, Juan Antonio; Bridet, Lionel; Lopez-Lopez, Maria; Burgos, Soraya Torres (March 2015). "Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to surgery". Arab Journal of Gastroenterology. 16 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004. PMID 25791032.
  28. ↑ Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ (2016). "Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 61 (6): 1541–1545. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13196. hdl:2027.42/134829. PMID 27716918. S2CID 4727369.
  29. ↑ Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K (2016). "Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report". Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 56 (5): 328–333. doi:10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856. PMID 27151226.
  30. ↑ Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 (5): 701–2. doi:10.1136/bjo.2006.104935. PMC 1954736. PMID 17446519.
  31. ↑ Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): 328–33. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x. PMID 19747224. S2CID 26590048.
  32. ↑ Clasen T, Boisson S, Routray P, Torondel B, Bell M, Cumming O, et al. (November 2014). "Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial". The Lancet. Global Health. 2 (11): e645-53. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70307-9. PMID 25442689.
  33. ↑ Progress on drinking water and sanitation, 2014 Update. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). 2014. ISBN 9789241507240.
  34. ↑ Ahmad J (30 October 2014). "How to eliminate open defecation by 2030". devex. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  35. ↑ Rickett, Oscar (11 February 2018). "The bottom line: why it's time the bidet made a comeback". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  36. ↑ The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. 2005. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195156690.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-515669-0.
  37. ↑ "A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style". BBC News. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.

Further reading

  • Eric P. Widmaier; Hershel Raff; Kevin T. Strang (2006). Vanders' Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. Chapter 15. 10th ed. McGraw Hill. ISBN 9780071116770.
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