Epidemiology of malnutrition

There were 795 million undernourished people in the world in 2014, a decrease of 216 million since 1990,^[1] despite the fact that the world already produces enough food to feed everyone—7 billion people—and could feed more than that—12 billion people.^[2]

Reducing malnutrition is key part of Sustainable Development Goal 2, "Zero hunger", with a malnutrition target alongside reducing under nutrition and stunted child growth.^[3] Because of the Sustainable development goals, various UN agencies are responsible for measuring and coordinating action to reduce malnutrtion. According to the World Food Programme, 135 million suffer from acute hunger,^[4] largely due to manmade conflicts, climate changes, and economic downturns. COVID-19 could double the number of people at risk of suffering acute hunger by the end of 2020.^[4]

By country

Disability-adjusted life year for nutritional deficiencies per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002. Nutritional deficiencies included: protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia.^[8]

  no data

  less than 150

  150-300

  300-450

  450-600

  600-750

  750-900

  900-1050

  1050-1200

  1200-1350

  1350-1500

  1500-1750

  more than 1750

The percentage of the population affected by undernutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics from 2012

The number of undernourished people (million) in 2010–2012 and 2014–2016 (projected). According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), these countries had 5 million or more undernourished people in 2001–2003 and in 2005–2007.^[9]

Note: This table measures "undernourishment", as defined by the FAO, and represents the number of people consuming (on average for years 2010 to 2012) less than the minimum amount of food energy (measured in kilocalories per capita per day) necessary for the average person to stay in good health while performing light physical activity. It is a conservative indicator that does not take into account the extra needs of people performing extraneous physical activity, nor seasonal variations in food consumption or other sources of variability such as inter-individual differences in energy requirements. Malnutrition and undernourishment are cumulative or average situations, and not the work of a single day's food intake (or lack thereof). This table does not represent the number of people who "went to bed hungry today."

The below is a list of countries by percentage of population with undernourishment, as defined by the United Nations World Food Programme and the FAO in its "The State of Food Insecurity in the World" 2009 report.

Rank	Country	Percentage of population undernourished 1990–92	Percentage of population undernourished 2004–06	Percentage of population undernourished 2019[10]
1	Somalia			60%
2	Template:Country data Central African Republic	47%	41%	48%
3	Template:Country data Haiti	63%	58%	47%
4	Yemen	30%	32%	45%
5	Template:Country data Madagascar	32%	35%	43%
6	Korea, Democratic Republic of	21%	32%	42%
7	Congo, Democratic Republic of	29%	75%	42%
8	Template:Country data Liberia	30%	38%	39%
9	Template:Country data Republic of the Congo	40%	21%	38%
10	Iraq			38%
11	Rwanda	45%	40%	35%
12	Template:Country data Chad	59%	38%	32%
13	Mozambique	59%	37%	31%
14	Template:Country data Botswana	20%	26%	29%
	Low-income countries			29%
15	Venezuela	12%	24%	27%
16	Template:Country data Sierra Leone	45%	46%	26%
17	Afghanistan			26%
18	Tanzania	28%	35%	25%
19	Kenya	33%	30%	25%
20	Papua New Guinea			25%
21	Lesotho	15%	15%	24%
22	From a page move: This is a redirect from a page that has been moved (renamed) or is the result of a page move. One reason this page was kept as a redirect is to avoid breaking links, both internal and external, that may have been made to the old page name. Any redirect with a page move logged on its history page should be tagged with this rcat template.			23%
23	Template:Country data Togo	45%	37%	20%
24	Namibia	29%	19%	20%
25	Template:Country data Nicaragua	52%	21%	19%
26	Angola	66%	44%	17%
27	Template:Country data Malawi	45%	29%	17%
28	Guatemala	14%	16%	17%
29	Template:Country data Solomon Islands			17%
30	Template:Country data Djibouti			16%
31	Ethiopia	71%	44%	16%
32	Gabon			16%
33	Template:Country data Cape Verde			15%
34	India	29%	20%	15%
35	Côte d'Ivoire	15%	14%	15%
36	Nigeria	15%	8%	15%
37	Burkina Faso	14%	9%	14%
38	Template:Country data Gambia	20%	29%	14%
39	Honduras	19%	12%	14%
40	Pakistan	24%	22%	13%
41	Bolivia	24%	23%	13%
42	Ecuador	24%	13%	12%
43	Sudan	31%	20%	12%
43	Template:Country data São Tomé and Príncipe			12%
44	Template:Country data Eswatini	12%	18%	12%
45	Mali	14%	10%	10%
46	Bangladesh	36%	26%	10%
47	Jordan	<5%	<5%	10%
	Middle income countries			9%
48	Philippines	21%	15%	9%
49	Lebanon	<5%	<5%	9%
50	Template:Country data Vanuatu			9%
51	Paraguay	16%	12%	9%
52	Mauritania			9%
53	Colombia	15%	10%	9%
54	Template:Country data Suriname	11%	7%	9%
55	Peru	28%	13%	9%
56	Georgia	47%	12%	9%
57	El Salvador	9%	10%	9%
58	Template:Country data Dominican Republic	27%	21%	8%
59	Thailand	29%	17%	8%
60	Oman			8%
61	Jamaica	11%	5%	8%
62	Myanmar	44%	17%	8%
63	Template:Country data Benin	28%	19%	8%
64	Senegal	28%	25%	8%
65	Panama	18%	17%	8%
66	Kyrgyzstan	9%	<5%	7%
67	Mexico	5%	<5%	7%
68	Sri Lanka	27%	21%	7%
69	Trinidad and Tobago	11%	10%	7%
70	Vietnam	28%	13%	7%
71	Indonesia	19%	16%	7%
72	South Africa	<5%	<5%	7%
73	Cambodia	38%	25%	6%
74	Template:Country data Mauritius	7%	6%	6%
75	Ghana	34%	8%	6%
76	Template:Country data Belize			6%
77	Fiji			6%
78	Iran	<5%	<5%	6%
79	Egypt	<5%	<5%	5%
80	Template:Country data Laos	27%	19%	5%
81	Template:Country data Cameroon	34%	23%	5%
82	Template:Country data Guyana	18%	6%	5%
83	Template:Country data Nepal	21%	16%	5%
84	Mongolia	30%	29%	4%
85	Morocco	5%	<5%	4%
86	Turkmenistan	9%	6%	4%
87	Saudi Arabia	<5%	<5%	4%
88	Argentina	<5%	<5%	4%
89	Albania			4%
90	Armenia	43%	10%	3%
91	Chile	7%	<5%	3%
92	Malaysia	<5%	<5%	3%
93	Costa Rica	6%	<5%	3%
94	Tunisia	<5%	<5%	3%
95	Bulgaria			3%
96	Algeria	<5%	<5%	<3%
97	Azerbaijan	27%	25%	<3%
98	Brazil	6%	<5%	<3%
99	China	15%	10%	<3%
100	Cuba	5%	<5%	<3%
	High income countries			<3%
101	Kazakhstan	<5%	<5%	<3%
102	Kuwait	20%	<5%	<3%
103	Romania			<3%
104	Russia			<3%
105	Ukraine			<3%
106	Turkey			<3%
107	Uzbekistan	5%	13%	<3%
...	Template:Country data Eritrea	67%	66%
...	Template:Country data Burundi	44%	63%
...	Zambia	40%	45%
...	Template:Country data Zimbabwe	40%	39%
...	Niger	38%	28%
...	Template:Country data Tajikistan	34%	26%
...	Uganda	19%	15%
...	Libya	<5%	<5%
...	Syria	<5%	<5%

• Source: FAO: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009 Archived 2016-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
• Source: FAO Statistics Division Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
• Source: Nations World Food Programme - World Hunger Map
• Source: World Bank: Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population) Archived 2022-03-27 at the Wayback Machine

Middle East

Malnutrition rates in Iraq had risen from 19% before the US-led invasion to a national average of 28% four years later.^[11] By 2010, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, only 8% were malnourished. (See data above.)

South Asia

According to the Global Hunger Index, South Asia (also known as the Indian Subcontinent) has the highest child malnutrition rate of world's regions.^[12] India, a largely vegetarian country and second largest country in the world by population, contributes most number in malnutrition in the region. The 2006 report mentioned that "the low status of women in South Asian countries and their lack of nutritional knowledge are important determinants of high prevalence of underweight children in the region" and was concerned that South Asia has "inadequate feeding and caring practices for young children".^[13]

30% children of India are underweight,^[14] one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.^[15]

Research on overcoming persistent under-nutrition published by the Institute of Development Studies, argues that the co-existence of India as an 'economic powerhouse' and home to one-third of the world's under-nourished children reflects a failure of the governance of nutrition: "A poor capacity to deliver the right services at the right time to the right populations, an inability to respond to citizens' needs and weak accountability are all features of weak nutrition governance."^[16] The research suggests that to make under-nutrition history in India the governance of nutrition needs to be strengthened and new research needs to focus on the politics and governance of nutrition. At the current rate of progress the MDG1 target for nutrition will only be reached in 2042 with severe consequences for human wellbeing and economic growth.^[16]

United States

U.S. Census Bureau, 2012 American Community Survey

According to the United States Department of Agriculture in 2015, 50 million Americans experienced food insecurity in 2009, including 17 million children. This represents nearly one in four American children.^[17][18][19]

Although the United States Department of Agriculture reported in 2012 that an estimated 85.5 percent of households in the country are food secure, millions of people in America struggle with the threat of hunger or experience hunger on a daily basis.^[20] The USDA defines food security as the economic condition of a household wherein which there is reliable access to a sufficient amount of food so all household members can lead a healthy productive life.^[21] Hunger is most commonly related to poverty since a lack of food helps perpetuate the cycle of poverty. Most obviously, when individuals live in poverty they lack the financial resources to purchase food or pay for unexpected events, such as a medical emergency. When such emergencies arise, families are forced to cut back on food spending so they can meet the financial demands of the unexpected emergency.^[22] There is not one single cause of hunger but rather a complex interconnected web of various factors. Some of the most vulnerable populations to hunger are the elderly, children, people from a low socioeconomic status, and minority groups; however, hunger's impact is not limited to these individuals.

Bill Mead, a volunteer with Feeding America, paints food pallets at the new Feeding America warehouse in San Diego 25 March. The new facility can support 16 million pounds of food, including a new cold storage unit for dairy, eggs and meat.

The largest nonprofit food relief organization in the United States, Feeding America, feeds 46.5 million citizens a year to address the nation's food insecurity issue.^[21] This equates to one in seven Americans requiring their aid in a given year. An organization that focuses on providing food for the elderly population is Meals on Wheels, which is a nonprofit that delivers meals to seniors' homes. The government also works towards providing relief through programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) which was formerly known to the public as Food Stamps. Another well known government program is the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) which provides free or reduced lunches to students who qualify for the program.

The number of Americans suffering from hunger rose after the 2008 financial crisis, with children and working adults now making up a large proportion of those affected. In 2012, Gleaners Indiana Food bank reported that there were now 50 million Americans struggling with food insecurity (about 1 in 6 of the population), and that the number of folks seeking help from food banks had increased by 46% since 2005.^[23] According to a 2012 study by UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, even married couples who both work but have low incomes sometimes require the aid of food banks.^[24][25]

Childhood malnutrition is generally thought of as being limited to developing countries, but although most malnutrition occurs there, it is also an ongoing presence in developed nations. For example, in the United States of America, one out of every six children is at risk of hunger. A study, based on 2005–2007 data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Agriculture Department, shows that an estimated 3.5 million children under the age of five are at risk of hunger in the United States.^[26]

In developed countries, this persistent hunger problem is not due to lack of food or food programs, but is largely due to an underutilization of existing programs designed to address the issue, such as food stamps or school meals. Many citizens of rich countries such as the United States of America attach stigmas to food programs or otherwise discourage their use. In the USA, only 60% of those eligible for the food stamp program actually receive benefits.^[27]

The U.S. Department of Agriculture reported that in 2003, 1 out of 200 U.S. households with children were so severely food insecure that any of the children went hungry at least once during the year. A substantially larger proportion of these same households (3.8 percent) had adult members who were hungry at least one day during the year because of their households' inability to afford enough food.^[28]

Africa

According to World Vision there are 257 million people in Africa who are experiencing malnutrition.^[29] This is around 20% of the entire population of Africa.^[29] The regions in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition are the Sub-Saharan region and parts of southern Africa.^[29] In the Sub-Saharan region, the countries that have the highest rates include, but are not limited to South Sudan, Sudan, Central African Republic, and Chad.^[29] In this region there are 237 million people who are experiencing hunger^[29] and according to Action Against Hunger, there are 319 million people without a reliable source of drinking water.^[30] In the Southern region of Africa, the countries that have the highest rates include, but are not limited to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Angola.^[29] In this region there are 41 million people who are food insecure and 9 million who are in a food crisis and need immediate assistance with food.^[29]

There are many factors that contribute to malnutrition in Africa.^[31] There are environmental factors such as degradation of land and unexpected weather changes.^[31] The changes in weather such as droughts and storms, impact their food and water supply.^[31] Another factor that contributes to malnutrition is conflict.^[31] Conflict can lead to uncertainty in resources, which puts them at a higher risk of malnutrition.^[31] In addition, the areas in Africa with the highest rates of malnutrition also experience poverty which impact and limit the supply of food and necessary services.^[31] For example, some experience limited access to health services, sanitation, clean water, consistent food supply.^[31] Not only do these things directly contribute to malnutrition, but they can also lead to illnesses such as malaria and water-borne disease.^[31]

References