Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
| Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), also known as primary or peripheral/gonadal hypogonadism, is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism due to an impaired response of the gonads to the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and in turn a lack of sex steroid production and elevated gonadotropin levels (as an attempt of compensation by the body). HH may present as either congenital or acquired, but the majority of cases are of the former nature.[1][2]
Symptoms and signs
Examples of symptoms of hypogonadism include delayed, reduced, or absent puberty, low libido, and infertility.
Causes
There are a multitude of different etiologies of HH. Congenital causes include the following:[1][3][4]
- Chromosomal abnormalities (resulting in gonadal dysgenesis) - Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Swyer's syndrome, XX gonadal dysgenesis, and mosaicism.
- Gonadotropin resistance (e.g., due to inactivating mutations in the gonadotropin receptors) - Leydig cell hypoplasia (or insensitivity to LH) in males, FSH insensitivity in females, and LH and FSH resistance due to mutations in the GNAS gene (termed pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A).
Acquired causes (due to damage to or dysfunction of the gonads) include ovarian torsion, vanishing/anorchia, orchitis, premature ovarian failure, ovarian resistance syndrome, trauma, surgery, autoimmunity, chemotherapy, radiation, infections (e.g., sexually-transmitted diseases), toxins (e.g., endocrine disruptors), and drugs (e.g., antiandrogens, opioids, alcohol).[1][3][4]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is typically made by measuring both gonadal and gonadotropin levels using a blood sample.
Treatment
Treatment of HH is usually with hormone replacement therapy, consisting of androgen and estrogen administration in males and females, respectively.[3]
See also
- Hypogonadism
- Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism
- Delayed puberty and infertility
- Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and HPG axis
- Gonads (testicles and ovaries)
- GnRH and gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
- Sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
References
- 1 2 3 John P. Mulhall (22 April 2011). Cancer and Sexual Health. Springer. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-1-60761-915-4. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- ↑ Ramón Piñón (1 January 2002). Biology of Human Reproduction. University Science Books. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-891389-12-2. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- 1 2 3 Marschall Stevens Runge; Cam Patterson (20 June 2006). Principles of Molecular Medicine. Humana Press. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-58829-202-5. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
- 1 2 J. Larry Jameson (1998). Principles of Molecular Medicine. Humana Press. p. 601. ISBN 978-0-89603-529-4. Retrieved 10 June 2012.