Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction

Herxheimer reaction
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction in a patient with syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus infection
Pronunciation
  • English: /ˌjærɪʃ ˈhɛərkshaɪmər/ YA-rish HERKS-high-mer
SpecialtyInfectious disease

A Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is a reaction to endotoxin-like products released by the death of harmful microorganisms within the body during antibiotic treatment. Efficacious antimicrobial therapy results in lysis (destruction) of bacterial cell membranes, and in the consequent release into the bloodstream of bacterial toxins, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response.

Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions can be life-threatening as they can cause a significant drop in blood pressure and cause acute end-organ injury, eventually leading to multi-organ failure.

Signs and symptoms

It comprises part of what is known as sepsis and occurs after initiation of antibacterials when treating Gram-negative infections such as Escherichia coli and louse- and tick-borne infections. It usually manifests in 1–3 hours after the first dose of antibiotics as fever, chills, rigor, hypotension, headache, tachycardia, hyperventilation, vasodilation with flushing, myalgia (muscle pain), exacerbation of skin lesions and anxiety. The intensity of the reaction indicates the severity of inflammation. Reaction commonly occurs within two hours of drug administration, but is usually self-limiting.[1]

Causes

The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction is traditionally associated with antimicrobial treatment of syphilis.[2] The reaction is also seen in the other diseases caused by spirochetes: Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and leptospirosis.[3] There have been case reports of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction accompanying treatment of other infections, including Q fever, bartonellosis, brucellosis, trichinellosis, and African trypanosomiasis.[2]

Pathophysiology

Lipoproteins released from treatment of Treponema pallidum infections are believed to induce the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction.[2] The Herxheimer reaction has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the period of exacerbation, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8.[4][5]

Treatments

Prophylaxis and treatment with an anti-inflammatory agent may stop progression of the reaction. Oral aspirin or ibuprofen every four hours for a day or 60 mg of prednisone orally or intravenously has been used as an adjunctive treatment . However, steroids are generally of no benefit. Patients must be closely monitored for the potential complications (collapse and shock) and may require IV fluids to maintain adequate blood pressure. If available, meptazinol, an opioid analgesic of the mixed agonist/antagonist type, should be administered to reduce the severity of the reaction. Anti TNF-α may also be effective.[6][7]

History

Both Adolf Jarisch,[8] an Austrian dermatologist, and Karl Herxheimer,[9] a German dermatologist, are credited with the discovery of the Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction. Both Jarisch and Herxheimer observed reactions in patients with syphilis treated with mercury. The reaction was first seen following treatment in early and later stages of syphilis treated with Salvarsan, mercury, or antibiotics. Jarisch thought that the reaction was caused by a toxin released from the dying spirochetes.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lukehart, Sheila A. (2017). "Syphilis". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3 ed.). New York: Mc Graw-Hill. p. 666. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.
  2. 1 2 3 Belum GR, Belum VR, Chaitanya Arudra SK, Reddy BS (2013). "The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction: revisited". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 11 (4): 231–7. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.04.001. PMID 23632012.
  3. ↑ Butler T (2017). "The Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction After Antibiotic Treatment of Spirochetal Infections: A Review of Recent Cases and Our Understanding of Pathogenesis". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 96 (1): 46–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0434. PMC 5239707. PMID 28077740.
  4. ↑ Vidal V, Scragg IG, Cutler SJ, et al. (December 1998). "Variable major lipoprotein is a principal TNF-inducing factor of louse-borne relapsing fever". Nat. Med. 4 (12): 1416–20. doi:10.1038/4007. PMID 9846580. S2CID 23842774.
  5. ↑ Kaplanski G, Granel B, Vaz T, Durand JM (July 1998). "Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction complicating the treatment of chronic Q fever endocarditis: elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 serum levels". J. Infect. 37 (1): 83–4. doi:10.1016/S0163-4453(98)91120-3. PMID 9733392.
  6. ↑ Fekade, D; Knox, K; Hussein, K; Melka, A; Lalloo, DG; Coxon, RE; Warrell, DA (Aug 1, 1996). "Prevention of Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions by treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha". The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (5): 311–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608013350503. PMID 8663853.
  7. ↑ Coxon, RE; Fekade, D; Knox, K; Hussein, K; Melka, A; Daniel, A; Griffin, GG; Warrell, DA (Mar 1997). "The effect of antibody against TNF alpha on cytokine response in Jarisch–Herxheimer reactions of louse-borne relapsing fever". QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 90 (3): 213–21. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.3.213. PMID 9093599.
  8. ↑ Jarisch A (1895). "Therapeutische Versuche bei Syphilis". Wien Med Wochenschr. 45: 721–42.
  9. ↑ Herxheimer K, Krause D (1902). "Ueber eine bei Syphilitischen vorkommende Quecksilberreaktion". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 28 (50): 895–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1139096.
  10. ↑ "The Jarisch–Herxheimer reaction". Lancet. 1 (8007): 340–1. February 1977. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91140-0. PMC 1056841. PMID 64863.
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