Obturator artery

Obturator artery
The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side. (Obturator artery is visible at bottom.)
Internal iliac artery and some branches.
Details
SourceInternal iliac artery
Branchesanterior branch and posterior branch
VeinObturator veins
SuppliesObturator externus muscle, medial compartment of thigh, femur
Identifiers
LatinArteria obturatoria
TA98A12.2.15.008
TA24323
FMA18865
Anatomical terminology

The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery that passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch.

Structure

In the pelvic cavity this vessel is in relation, laterally, with the obturator fascia; medially, with the ureter, ductus deferens, and peritoneum; while a little below it is the obturator nerve.

The obturator artery usually arises from the internal iliac artery.[1][2] Inside the pelvis the obturator artery gives off iliac branches to the iliac fossa, which supply the bone and the Iliacus, and anastomose with the ilio-lumbar artery; a vesical branch, which runs backward to supply the bladder; and a pubic branch, which is given off from the vessel just before it leaves the pelvic cavity.

The pubic branch ascends upon the back of the pubis, communicating with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side, and with the inferior epigastric artery.

Outside the pelvis

After passing through the obturator canal and outside of the pelvis, the obturator artery divides at the upper margin of the obturator foramen, into an anterior branch and a posterior branch of the obturator artery which encircle the foramen under cover of the obturator externus.

The anterior branch of the obturator artery is a small artery in the thigh and runs forward on the outer surface of the obturator membrane and then curves downward along the anterior margin of the obturator foramen.

It distributes branches to the obturator externus, pectineus, adductors, and gracilis muscle, and anastomoses with the posterior branch and with the medial femoral circumflex artery.

The posterior branch of the obturator artery is a small artery in the thigh and follows the posterior margin of the foramen and turns forward on the inferior ramus of the ischium, where it anastomoses with the anterior branch.

It gives twigs to the muscles attached to the ischial tuberosity and anastomoses with the inferior gluteal artery. It also supplies an articular branch which enters the hip-joint through the acetabular notch, ramifies in the fat at the bottom of the acetabulum and sends a twig along the ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres) to the head of the femur.

The blood supply to the femoral head and neck is enhanced by the artery of the ligamentum teres derived from the obturator artery. In adults, this is small and doesn't have much importance, but in children whose epiphyseal line is still made of cartilage (which doesn't allow blood supply through it), it helps to supply the head and neck of the femur on its own.

The articular branch is usually patent until roughly 15 years of age. In adults it does not provide enough blood supply to prevent avascular necrosis in upper femur fractures.

Variation

Inferior epigastric origin of the obturator artery, a normal variant. (A) shows a course abutting the external iliac vein, clear of the femoral ring. (B) shows the corona mortis variant, where artery courses within the lacunar ligament before diving through fascia inferiorly.

The obturator artery usually arises from the main stem or from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery.[1][2] It may arise from the superior gluteal artery, and occasionally it arises from the external iliac.

In about two out of every seven cases it arises from the inferior epigastric and descends almost vertically to the upper part of the obturator foramen. The artery in this course usually lies in contact with the external iliac vein, and on the lateral side of the femoral ring (Figure A on diagram). It can also pass medial to the femoral ring along the margin of the lacunar ligament (Figure B). In either case it would be at risk of injury during the operation to repair a femoral hernia, whether the hernia is reducible, incarcerated or strangulated. When the obturator artery travels along the lacunar ligament, it nearly encircles the femoral ring and can be lacerated during a femoral hernia repair. Most femoral hernias are repaired through a small (1/2 to 3/4 inch) incision in the groin area, rather than through the abdomen, so if a laceration were to occur, bleeding may not be immediately recognized and result in significant blood loss into the peritoneal cavity. Because of this danger, the anatomic variant in Figure B is sometimes referred to as the "crown of death" (corona mortis) .[3][4]

Additional images

References

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 616 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. 1 2 Kumari, Savita; Trinesh Gowda, M. S. (2016-08-01). "A study of variations of origin of obturator artery: Review in south Indian population". Journal of the Anatomical Society of India. 65: S1–S4. doi:10.1016/j.jasi.2016.05.001. ISSN 0003-2778.
  2. 1 2 Biswas, Sharmishta; Bandopadhyay, Manimay; Adhikari, Anjan; Kundu, Panchanan; Roy, Rita (2010-12-01). "Variation of Origin of Obturator Artery in Eastern Indian Population - A Study". Journal of Anatomical Society of India. 59 (2): 168–172. doi:10.1016/S0003-2778(10)80019-X. ISSN 0003-2778.
  3. ↑ "Corona Mortis". Medical Terminology Daily. Clinical Anatomy Associates, Inc. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
  4. ↑ Rusu, Mugurel Constantin; Cergan, Romica; Motoc, Andrei Gheorghe Marius; Folescu, Roxana; Pop, Elena (28 July 2009). "Anatomical considerations on the corona mortis". Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 32 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1007/s00276-009-0534-7. PMID 19636491. S2CID 25637954.
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