Transurethral resection of the prostate

Transurethral resection of the prostate
Micrograph of a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) specimen, showing BPH (nodular hyperplasia of the prostate) – left-of-center in image. H&E stain.
Other namesTURP
ICD-9-CM60.29
MeSHD020728
MedlinePlus002996

Transurethral resection of the prostate (commonly known as a TURP, plural TURPs, and rarely as a transurethral prostatic resection, TUPR) is a urological operation. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). As the name indicates, it is performed by visualising the prostate through the urethra and removing tissue by electrocautery or sharp dissection. It has been the standard treatment for BPH for many years, but recently alternative, minimally invasive techniques have become available.[1] This procedure is done with spinal or general anaesthetic. A triple lumen catheter is inserted through the urethra to irrigate and drain the bladder after the surgical procedure is complete. Outcome is considered excellent for 80–90% of BPH patients. The procedure carries minimal risk for erectile dysfunction, moderate risk for bleeding, and a large risk for retrograde ejaculation.[2]

Indications

BPH is normally initially treated medically. This is done through alpha antagonists such as tamsulosin, or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride. If medical treatment does not reduce a patient's urinary symptoms, a TURP may be considered following a careful examination of the prostate or bladder through a cystoscope. If TURP is contraindicated a urologist may consider a simple prostatectomy, in and out catheters, or a supra-pubic catheter to help a patient void urine effectively.[3] As medical management of BPH improves, the number of TURPs have been decreasing.

Types of TURP

Urologist with a rigid cystoscope inserted into the urethra

Traditionally, a cystoscope (a "resectoscope") has been used to perform TURP. The scope is passed through the urethra to the prostate where surrounding prostate tissue can then be excised. There are two types of modalities:

  • Monopolar TURP: A monopolar device utilizing a wire loop with electric current flowing in one direction (thus monopolar) can be used to excise tissue via the resectoscope. A grounding ESU pad and irrigation by a non conducting fluid is required to prevent this current from disturbing surrounding tissues. This fluid (usually glycine) can cause damage to surrounding tissue after prolonged exposure, resulting in TUR syndrome, so surgery time is limited.
  • Bipolar TURP: This is a newer technique that uses bipolar current to remove the tissue. Bipolar TURP allows saline irrigation and eliminates the need for an ESU grounding pad thus preventing post-TURP hyponatremia (TUR syndrome) and reducing other complications. As a result, bipolar TURP is also not subject to the same surgical time constraints of conventional TURP.

A 2019 Cochrane review of 59 studies that included 8924 men with urinary symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. This review found that bipolar and monopolar TURP probably results in comparable improvements urinary symptoms, as well as a similar erectile function, the incidence of urinary incontinence and the need for retreatment. Bipolar surgery likely reduces the risk of TUR syndrome and the need for blood transfusion.[4]

Another transurethral method utilizes laser energy to remove tissue. With laser prostate surgery a fiber optic cable pushed through the urethra is used to transmit lasers such as holmium-Nd:YAG high-powered "red" or potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) "green" to vaporize the adenoma. More recently the KTP laser has been supplanted by a higher power laser source based on a lithium triborate crystal, though it is still commonly referred to as a "Greenlight" or KTP procedure. The specific advantages of utilizing laser energy rather than a traditional electrosurgical TURP is a decrease in the relative blood loss, elimination of the risk of post-TURP hyponatremia (TUR syndrome), the ability to treat larger glands, as well as treating patients who are actively being treated with anticoagulation therapy for unrelated diagnosis.

Risks

Because of bleeding risks associated with the procedure, TURP is not considered safe for many patients with cardiac problems.

Postoperative complications include:[5]

Acute complications
  • Bleeding (most common). Bleeding may be reduced by pre-treatment with an anti-androgen such as finasteride[6][7][8] or flutamide.
  • Clot retention and clot colic. The blood released from the resected prostate may become stuck in the urethra and can cause pain and urine retention.
  • Bladder wall injury, such as perforation (rare). Intraperitoneal bladder rupture will present with upper abdominal pain and referred pain to the shoulder. Extraperitoneal bladder rupture may present with inguinal, peri-umbilical pain.
  • TURP syndrome: Hyponatremia and water intoxication caused by an overload of fluid absorption from the open prostatic sinusoids during the procedure.[9] This complication can lead to confusion, changes in mental status, vomiting, nausea, and even coma. To prevent TURP syndrome, the length of the procedure is limited to less than one hour in many centers, and the height of the container of irrigating solution above the surgical table – determining the hydrostatic pressure driving fluid into the prostatic veins and sinuses – is kept to a minimum.[10] The classic triad of TURP syndrome includes elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures with increased pulse pressure, bradycardia, and mental status changes (assuming an awake patient under regional anesthesia).[11]
  • The different types of irrigation fluids used for TURP each have specific disadvantages.[11] Glycine irrigating solution may cause transient blindness. Distilled water has the highest risk for intravascular hemolysis, hypervolemia, and dilutional hyponatremia. Balanced salt solutions (such as normal saline) cause electrical current dispersion during TURP, but significantly reduce the risk of TURP syndrome.  Sorbitol and mannitol solutions may lead to hyperglycemia (sorbitol), intravascular fluid expansion with absorption (mannitol), and osmotic diuresis (sorbitol and mannitol).[11]

Chronic complications

In most cases, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction resolve on their own within 6 to 12 months post-TURP. Therefore, many doctors will postpone invasive treatment until a year after the surgery.

Additionally, transurethral resection of the prostate is associated with a low risk of mortality.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rassweiler, Jens; Teber, Dogu; Kuntz, Rainer; Hofmann, Rainer (November 2006). "Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)--incidence, management, and prevention". European Urology. 50 (5): 969–979, discussion 980. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.042. ISSN 0302-2838. PMID 16469429.
  2. ↑ "Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - Risks". nhs.uk. 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
  3. ↑ "Transurethral Resection of the Prostate: Overview, Treatment & Management, Post-Procedure". October 25, 2021 – via eMedicine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ↑ Jung, Jae Hung; McCutcheon, Karen Ann; Borofsky, Michael; Young, Shamar; Golzarian, Jafar; Reddy, Balaji; Shin, Tae Young; Kim, Myung Ha; Narayan, Vikram; Dahm, Philipp (2020-12-19). Cochrane Urology Group (ed.). "Prostatic arterial embolization for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD012867. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012867.pub2. PMID 33368143. S2CID 229692177.
  5. ↑ Rassweiler J, Teber D, Kuntz R, Hofmann R (November 2006). "Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)--incidence, management, and prevention". Eur. Urol. 50 (5): 969–79, discussion 980. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.042. PMID 16469429.
  6. ↑ Ö L Özdal, C Özden, K Benli, S Gökkaya, S Bulut and A Memis cedil. Effect of short-term finasteride therapy on peroperative bleeding in patients who were candidates for transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P): a randomized controlled study. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2005) 8, 215–218. doi:10.1038/sj.pcan.4500818; published online 5 July 2005. pubmed 15999118. http://www.nature.com/pcan/journal/v8/n3/full/4500818a.html
  7. ↑ LI Ming-xiong, Tang Zheng-yan, Su Jian, et al. Effect of Finasteride on Perioperative and Postoperative Bleeding Following Transurethral Resection of Prostate. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYYY200903092.htm. DOI CNKI:SUN:SYYY.0.2009-03-092
  8. ↑ Rassweiler J, Teber D, Kuntz R, Hofmann R (November 2006). "Complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)--incidence, management, and prevention". Eur. Urol. 50 (5): 969–79, discussion 980. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.042. PMID 16469429.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Jensen, Valeric (1991-01-01). "The TURP syndrome". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 38 (1): 90–97. doi:10.1007/BF03009169. ISSN 1496-8975. PMID 1989745.
  10. ↑ Imiak; et al. (1 Jan 1999). "TURP Syndrome". Archived from the original on 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
  11. 1 2 3 Barash, Clinical Anesthesia, 6th edition, pp. 1365–1368.
  12. ↑ Suarez, Oscar A.; McCammon, Kurt A. (June 2016). "The Artificial Urinary Sphincter in the Management of Incontinence". Urology. 92: 14–19. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2016.01.016. PMID 26845050. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  13. ↑ Bauer, Ricarda M.; Gozzi, Christian; Hübner, Wilhelm; Nitti, Victor W.; Novara, Giacomo; Peterson, Andrew; Sandhu, Jaspreet S.; Stief, Christian G. (June 2011). "Contemporary Management of Postprostatectomy Incontinence". European Urology. 59 (6): 985–996. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.020. PMID 21458914.
  14. ↑ Cordon, Billy H; Singla, Nirmish; Singla, Ajay K (4 July 2016). "Artificial urinary sphincters for male stress urinary incontinence: current perspectives". Medical Devices: Evidence and Research. 2016 (9): 175–183. doi:10.2147/MDER.S93637. PMC 4938139. PMID 27445509.
  15. ↑ Cornu JN, Ahyai S, Bachmann A, de la Rosette J, Gilling P, Gratzke C (2015). "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Functional Outcomes and Complications Following Transurethral Procedures for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Resulting from Benign Prostatic Obstruction: An Update". Eur Urol. 67 (6): 1066–1096. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.06.017. PMID 24972732.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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