182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"

2nd Yugoslav Partisan Corps Commander Peko Dapčević addressing the men of the Mountain Artillery Group "Aosta" in September 1943

Alpini of the "Taurinense" in Pljevlja October 1943

The news of the armistice between Italy and the Allies reached the Italian XIV Army Corps in the evening of 8 September 1943 and due to the lack of any orders from Rome the four divisions of the corps reacted differently and individually to German demands to surrender: the 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" surrendered immediately. The 155th Infantry Division "Emilia" based around Kotor resisted the Germans until 16 September, but under heavy Luftwaffe air attacks chose evacuation by the Italian Regia Marina to Bari. The 19th Infantry Division "Venezia" based around Berane refused to surrender and allied with Yugoslav partisans. On 10 October the division entered the 2nd Corps of Tito's National Liberation Army and on 13 October 1943 the division began an offensive against Wehrmacht forces in Brodarevo, Murina, Berane and Kolašin. The 1st Alpine Division "Taurinense" based around Nikšić and Danilovgrad immediately attacked German positions and by sunrise of 9 September was fully engaged in combat with German forces. The division tried to reach Kotor to be evacuated, but in heavy combat lost about half its strength of 14,000 men. The division's Mountain Artillery Group "Aosta" of the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment and Alpini Battalion "Ivrea" had ignored orders to move to Kotor and sided with Tito's forces right away. By early October the remnants of the Italian units, more than 20,000 men, retreated towards Pljevlja.[3]

On 2 December 1943 in Pljevlja the remaining Italian soldiers, approximately 16,000 men, were grouped together in the Division "Garibaldi", which as unit insignia chose a red neckerchief in referral to Giuseppe Garibaldi's redshirt volunteers. The division consisted of three brigades of 5,000 men each, with the remaining Italians, mostly artillery, signals, engineer, and medical specialists, becoming instructors. Integrated into the Partisan 2nd Corps the division fought in Montenegro, Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Sandžak until February 1945, when the remaining 3,800 troops were repatriated via the liberated harbour of Dubrovnik.[3]

The units, which entered the Division "Garibaldi" as coherent units, were awarded with Italy's highest military honor after their return:

• Mountain Artillery Group "Aosta" Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded on 13 January 1945[4]
• 83rd Infantry Regiment "Venezia" Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded on 15 March 1950[5]
• 84th Infantry Regiment "Venezia" Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded on 15 March 1950[6]
• 19th Field Artillery Regiment "Venezia" Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded on 15 March 1950[7]
• Alpini Battalion "Ivrea" Silver Medal of Military Valour awarded on 31 December 1947[8]

On 25 April 1945 the Regiment "Garibaldi" was formed in Viterbo with the survivors of the Division "Garibaldi". The brigades of the Division "Garibaldi" were reorganized as battalions, with battalions becoming companies and companies becoming platoons. After its formation the regiment consisted of the following units:[2]

• Regiment "Garibaldi"
  • Command Company (former Escort Unit Division "Garibaldi")
  • I Battalion (former I Alpine Brigade - Group "Aosta")
  • II Battalion (former II Brigade "Venezia")
  • III Battalion (former IV Alpine Brigade "Garibaldi")
  • Mortar Company (with British ML 3 inch mortars; former Artillery Group "Venezia")
  • Anti-tank Company (with British QF 6 pounder anti-tank guns)

The Garibaldi regiment's troops wore the distinct Cappello Alpino of the Alpini infantry specialty. On 5 September 1945 the regiment joined the Combat Group "Folgore", which had participated on the allied side in the Italian Campaign. The Folgore had been formed on 25 September 1944 with troops from the 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo", which had served with the Italian Liberation Corps in the battles of Filottrano, Castelfidardo, and Ancona. The Combat Group "Folgore" consisted of two regiments with three battalions each: the Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" and the navy's Regiment "San Marco". The Paratroopers Regiment "Nembo" had been formed with the remnants of the five paratrooper battalions of the 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo". The combat group also fielded the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore".[9][10] The same day the Regiment "Garibaldi" entered the Combat Group "Folgore" the Regiment "San Marco" left it and returned to the navy. 15 October 1945 the Combat Group "Folgore" was elevated to Infantry Division "Folgore". In 1946 the regiment moved from Viterbo to Florence.[9]

In 1947 the regiment moved from Florence to Pordenone. On 1 December 1948 the Regiment "Garibaldi" was renamed 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", the Paratroopers Infantry Regiment "Nembo" was renamed 183rd Infantry Regiment "Nembo",[11] and the Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" was renamed 184th Artillery Regiment "Nembo".[12] With the renaming the 182nd Garibaldi ceded its Alpini troops to the Alpini regiments that were forming and received infantry fusiliers instead. At the same time the regiment ceased to wear the Cappello Alpino and began to wear a red tie with the formal uniform. The regiment's new structure was:[2]

• 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"
  • Command Company
  • I Infantry Battalion
  • II Infantry Battalion
  • III Infantry Battalion
  • Mortar Company
  • Anti-tank Company

In 1949 the regiment moved from Pordenone to Sacile and on 12 October 1953 the infantry units of the Division "Garibaldi" were awarded Italy's highest military honor the Gold Medal of Military Valour for their conduct in Yugoslavia from September 1943 to April 1945.[2][13]

On 31 October 1958 the regiment disbanded its infantry battalions and the next day the regiment received the I Bersaglieri Battalion and III Tank Battalion from the 1st Bersaglieri Regiment was renamed 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi". Upon entering the regiment the III Tank Battalion was renamed II Tank Battalion, but already on 1 February 1959 the battalion was renamed XXI Tank Battalion. On 11 April 1961 the XXI Tank Battalion was renamed XIII Tank Battalion and the I Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion. On 24 September 1964 the XXIII Bersaglieri Battalion was renamed XI Bersaglieri Battalion. From 1964 onward regiment's structure was:[2]

• 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", in Sacile
  • Command Company, in Sacile (includes an anti-tank guided missile platoon)
  • XI Bersaglieri Battalion, in Sacile (M113 armored personnel carriers)
  • XIII Tank Battalion, in Sacile (M47 Patton tanks)

With the arrival of the XI Bersaglieri Battalion the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded during World War I to the battalion's predecessor unit, the XI Cyclists Battalion of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment, were temporarily affixed to the flag of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" and added to the regiment's coat of arms. On 12 December 1968 the wearing of red ties with the formal uniform was officially sanctioned as perpetual tradition of the regiment.[2]

Coat of arms of the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" with the temporarily assigned Gold Medal of Military Valour of the 182nd Regiment "Garibaldi"

During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions were granted for the first time their own flags.

The 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" was the last infantry regiment to disband on 15 July 1976 and the next day the XI Bersaglieri Battalion became the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera", while the XIII Tank Battalion became the 13th Tank Battalion "M.O. Pascucci". The flag and traditions of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" were assigned to the 11th Caprera, while the name of the regiment was transferred to the 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi". The 11th Bersaglieri Battalion was named for the island of Caprera, where Giuseppe Garibaldi had spent the last years of his life. The battalion inherited the right to wear a red tie, moved from Sacile to Orcenico Superiore and joined the 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi", while the 13th Pascucci moved to Cordenons and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Brescia".[2][14]

The Gold Medal of Military Valour awarded to the 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" remained on the flag the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" inherited, and therefore the medal was temporarily assigned to the 11th Caprera, which added it to its coat of arms.[2]

For its conduct and work after the 1976 Friuli earthquake the battalion was awarded a Bronze Medal of Army Valour, which was affixed to the battalion's flag and added to the battalion's coat of arms.[15]

On 30 September 1992 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" in Aviano was reformed as 11th Bersaglieri Regiment. On 21 October of the same year the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" in Aviano disbanded and the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment's headquarters moved to Orcenico Superiore, where it took command of the troops of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera", which was renamed on that day 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano". In parallel the headquarters of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera" moved to Bari and joined the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo" as core of the to-be-formed 7th Bersaglieri Regiment. As the 10th Bersaglieri Battalion "Bezzecca", who had been assigned the flag of the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment in 1975, had entered the 6th Bersaglieri Regiment, the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment received its original flag and therefore the flag of the 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", which had been the flag of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment "Caprera", was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome.

On 18 April 1997 the 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano" of the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment was renamed 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" and with this all the traditions of and all the awards bestowed on the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment and its battalions were reunited in one unit. Consequently, the three Silver Medals of Military Valour awarded to the XI Cyclists Battalion, which had been affixed to the flag of the 182nd Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi" since 1964, were now transferred from the 182nd's flag to the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment's flag. With the entry of the 11th Bersaglieri Battalion "Caprera" the 11th Bersaglieri Regiment gained the right to wear a red tie.[2]