12 Hours of Sebring

The 12 Hours of Sebring is an annual motorsport endurance race for sports cars held at Sebring International Raceway, on the site of the former Hendricks Army Airfield World War II air base in Sebring, Florida, US. In the past, this race has been a round of the now defunct World Sportscar Championship, IMSA GT Championship and American Le Mans Series. In 2012, the race was the opening event of the FIA World Endurance Championship in a one off race before being returned back to the American Le Mans Series for 2013. Starting in 2014, the event became the second round of the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.

1949 Crosley Hot Shot that won the 1950 Sebring Race. On display at the Edge Motor Museum in Memphis, Tennessee.

12 Hours of Sebring
IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
VenueSebring International Raceway
Corporate sponsorMobil 1
First race1950
Duration12 hours
Most wins (driver)Tom Kristensen (6)
Most wins (team)Scuderia Ferrari/SpA Ferrari (8)
Most wins (manufacturer)Porsche (18)

The race has historically been considered to be one of the three legs of the informal Triple crown of endurance racing along with the 24 Hours of Le Mans and 24 Hours of Daytona.

History

The track opened in 1950 on an airfield and is a road racing course styled after those used in European Grand Prix motor racing. The first race was a six-hour race on New Year's Eve 1950. The winning car is currently on display at the Edge Motor Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. The next race held 14 months later as the first 12 Hours of Sebring.[1] The race is famous for its "once around the clock" action, starting during the day and finishing at night.[2] From 1953 to 1972 the 12 Hour was a round of the FIA's premier sports car series which was contested under various names including the World Sportscar Championship and the International Championship for Makes. In the 1950's, in addition to Le Mans, Sebring was on the calendar at the same time now-legendary races such as the Mille Miglia, Targa Florio, Carrera Panamericana and the RAC Tourist Trophy were on the World Sportscar Championship calendar, such was the prestige of the Sebring race. It was also the most important American race for the European teams and drivers and was the center of European racing activity in the United States, as it was the only time during the 1950's that the big European manufacturer teams and drivers came to the United States in force, and with that brought a lot of international media attention- the United States Formula One Grand Prix was not run until 1959. Top drivers who competed on the European circuit in the 1950's such as Juan Manuel Fangio, Alberto Ascari, Nino Farina, Stirling Moss and Mike Hawthorn all raced at Sebring, and the 1957 Sebring 12 Hours was the only American race the 5-time world champion Fangio ever won.

In its early years, the Sebring circuit combined former airport runways with narrow two-lane service roads.[3] The 1966 event was a turning point in Sebring history, as the facilities and the safety of the circuit were heavily criticized. Five people were killed during the race, which was more people killed than in the race's prior 15-year history combined.[3] Bob McLean crashed while approaching the hairpin; his car rolled several times, struck a utility pole and then exploded, landing in a ditch and killing McLean.[3] In another incident Mario Andretti in his Ferrari 365 P2 tangled with Don Wester's Porsche 906 on the Warehouse Straight near the Webster Turns, killing four spectators and then crashing into a warehouse next to the track. Subsequent to these events, the facilities were upgraded and the circuit layout was changed, including eliminating the Webster Turns and creating the Green Park Chicane further down the track to move the straight further away from the airport warehouses.[3] The circuit was made safer, and since then there have only been 4 fatalities since then- a remarkable record for a circuit of Sebring's age.

It is known as preparation for the 24 Hours of Le Mans,[4] as the track's technical layout and extremely bumpy surface, combined with south-central Florida's perennial hot weather, is a major test of a car's reliability- teams planning to compete at Le Mans regard Sebring as an ideal preparation run for the prestigious French race.[5] In recent years, six overall victories have been achieved by the Audi R8, one fewer than the record seven wins of the Porsche 935.[6]

Tom Kristensen has won the race more times than anyone else, with six victories—in 19992000, 20052006, 2009 and in 2012.[7]

2020 saw the race be rescheduled to mid-November due to delays caused by the pandemic. It was also the first occurrence of the race behind closed doors.

Races up until 1969 began with the traditional Le Mans start procedure, which was abolished at the end of the 1969 season following Jacky Ickx protesting at Le Mans 1969; 1970 was the first 12 Hours of Sebring started with a rolling start.

Race results

The Ford Mk IV which won the 1967 Sebring 12 Hour
2008 overall winner Porsche RS Spyder.

The 1966 race had Dan Gurney leading at the last lap, when his engine of his Shelby American Ford GT40 Mk II seized near the end. Gurney pushed his car over the finish line, beaten only by Ken Miles and Lloyd Ruby. However, his actions were ultimately determined to be against the rules and he did not receive credit for his finish.[8]

In 2005, the Chevrolet Corvette C6.R and Aston Martin DBR9 made their race debut in the hotly contested GT1 class,[9][10] with Aston Martin winning its class for the first time in 49 years at Sebring ahead of the two Corvettes. Corvette had dominated the class the past three years with its previous generation C5R.

Nissan Onroak DPi #22, 2018 overall winner.

The all-new Audi R10 TDI won the 2006 edition of the race, the car's first ever run in competition.[11] The much-hyped Porsche RS Spyder campaigned by Penske Racing dropped to take 2nd place in its LMP2 class, behind the Intersport Lola car. The GT1 Corvette C6R team got their revenge against the Aston Martin, although the second Corvette came within 1/3 of a second of the podium in the closing laps of the race.

2007 saw Audi again winning in the R10 TDI despite requiring more frequent refueling due to changes in American Le Mans series rules intended to even the field between gasoline and diesel-powered engines.[12]

Statistics

Audi R8 winner 2000-2007

Wins by manufacturer

RankManufacturerWinsYears
1Germany Porsche181960, 1968, 1971, 1973, 19761988, 2008
2Italy Ferrari121956, 19581964, 1970, 1972, 1995, 19971998
3Germany Audi1120002007, 2009, 20122013
4 Japan Nissan 5 19891991, 1994, 2018
United States Cadillac2017, 2019, 20212023
5United States Ford419661967, 1969, 2014
7Japan Toyota219921993
Germany BMW1975, 1999
France Peugeot20102011
10United States Crosly11950
United Kingdom Frazer-Nash1952
United States Cunningham1953
Italy O.S.C.A.1954
United Kingdom Jaguar1955
Italy Maserati1957
United States Chaparral1965
United States Oldsmobile1996
United States Corvette2015
Japan Honda2016
Japan Mazda2020
Source:[13]

Wins by driver

RankDriverWinsYears
1Denmark Tom Kristensen69900, 0506, 2009, 2012
2Italy Rinaldo Capello50102, 2006, 2009, 2012
3Germany Frank Biela42000, 0304, 07
United Kingdom Allan McNish2004, 2006, 2009, 2012
Brazil Pipo Derani2016, 2018, 2019, 2023
4United States Phil Hill31958, 1959, 1961
Belgium Olivier Gendebien1959, 1960, 1961
United States Mario Andretti1967, 1970, 1972
Germany Hans-Joachim Stuck1975, 1986, 1988
Germany Marco Werner2003, 2005, 2007

Overall winners

Year Drivers Team Car Tires Distance Championship
3.3 mile/5.31 km circuit
1950 D United States Fritz Koster
United States Ralph Deshon
United States Victor Sharpe/Tommy Cole Crosley HotShot 613.84 km (381.42 mi)
(Sam Collier Memorial Sebring Grand Prix of Endurance Six Hours)[14]
Non-championship
1951 Not held
5.382 mile/8.6 km circuit
1952 United States Harry Gray
United States Larry Kulok
United States Stuart Donaldson Frazer-Nash Le Mans Replica D 1,213.445 km (754.000 mi) American Automobile Association (AAA)
1953 United States Phil Walters
United States John Fitch
United States Briggs Cunningham Cunningham C-4R F 1,447.766 km (899.600 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1954 United States Bill Lloyd
United Kingdom Stirling Moss
United States Briggs Cunningham O.S.C.A. MT4 P 1,405.923 km (873.600 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1955 United Kingdom Mike Hawthorn
United States Phil Walters
United States Briggs Cunningham Jaguar D-Type D 1,523.083 km (946.400 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1956 Italy Eugenio Castellotti
Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio
Italy Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 860 Monza E 1,623.506 km (1,008.800 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1957 Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio
France Jean Behra
Italy Maserati Maserati 450S P 1,648.612 km (1,024.400 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1958 United Kingdom Peter Collins
United States Phil Hill
Italy Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 250 TR 58 E 1,673.718 km (1,040.000 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1959 United States Phil Hill
United States Dan Gurney
United States Chuck Daigh
Belgium Olivier Gendebien
Italy Scuderia Ferrari Ferrari 250 TR 59 E 1,573.295 km (977.600 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1960 Belgium Olivier Gendebien
Germany Hans Herrmann
Sweden Joakim Bonnier Porsche RS-60 D 1,640.243 km (1,019.200 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1961 United States Phil Hill
Belgium Olivier Gendebien
Italy SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 250 TRI/61 D 1,740.666 km (1,081.600 mi) World Sportscar Championship
1962 Belgium Lucien Bianchi
Sweden Joakim Bonnier
Italy Scuderia SSS Republica di Venezia Ferrari 250 TRI/61 D 1,723.929 km (1,071.200 mi) International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1963 United Kingdom John Surtees
Italy Ludovico Scarfiotti
Italy SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 250 P D 1,749.035 km (1,086.800 mi) International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1964 United Kingdom Mike Parkes
Italy Umberto Maglioli
Italy SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 275 P D 1,790.878 km (1,112.800 mi) International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1965 United States Jim Hall
United States Hap Sharp
United States Chaparral Cars Inc. Chaparral 2-Chevrolet F 1,640.243 km (1,019.200 mi) International Championship for GT Manufacturers
1966 United States Lloyd Ruby
United Kingdom Ken Miles
United States Shelby American Inc. Ford X-1 Roadster G 1,908.038 km (1,185.600 mi) International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars
5.4 mile/8.66 km circuit
1967 New Zealand Bruce McLaren
United States Mario Andretti
United States Ford Motor Company Ford Mk IV F 1,991.724 km (1,237.600 mi) International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars
1968 Switzerland Jo Siffert
Germany Hans Herrmann
Germany Porsche Automobile Company Porsche 907 D 1,983.356 km (1,232.400 mi) International Championship for Makes
1969 Belgium Jacky Ickx
United Kingdom Jackie Oliver
United Kingdom J.W. Automotive Engineering Ford GT40 MkI F 2,000.093 km (1,242.800 mi) International Championship for Makes
1970 Italy Ignazio Giunti
Italy Nino Vaccarella
United States Mario Andretti
Italy SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 512 S F 2,075.410 km (1,289.600 mi) International Championship for Makes
1971 United Kingdom Vic Elford
France Gérard Larrousse
Germany Martini Racing Porsche 917K F 2,175.833 km (1,352.000 mi) International Championship for Makes
1972 Belgium Jacky Ickx
United States Mario Andretti
Italy SpA Ferrari SEFAC Ferrari 312 PB F 2,167.465 km (1,346.800 mi) World Championship for Makes
1973 United States Hurley Haywood
United States Peter Gregg
United States Dave Helmick
United States Dave Helmick Porsche Carrera RSR G 1,891.301 km (1,175.200 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1974 No race due to energy crisis
1975 Germany Hans-Joachim Stuck
United Kingdom Brian Redman
Canada Allan Moffat
United States Sam Posey
Germany BMW Motorsport BMW 3.0 CSL D 1,991.724 km (1,237.600 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1976 United States Al Holbert
United States Mike Keyser
United States Holbert Porsche-Audi Porsche Carrera RSR G 1,924.775 km (1,196.000 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1977 United States George Dyer
United States Brad Frisselle
United States George Dyer Porsche Carrera RSR G 1,958.450 km (1,216.924 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1978 United Kingdom Brian Redman
United States Charles Mendez
United States Bob Garretson
United States Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 935 G 2,008.461 km (1,248.000 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1979 United States Bob Akin
United States Rob McFarlin
United States Roy Woods
United States Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 935 G 2,000.093 km (1,242.800 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1980 United Kingdom John Fitzpatrick
United States Dick Barbour
United States Dick Barbour Racing Porsche 935 K3 G 2,117.253 km (1,315.600 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1981 United States Bruce Leven
United States Hurley Haywood
United States Al Holbert
United States Bayside Disposal Racing Porsche 935/80 G 2,050.304 km (1,274.000 mi) IMSA GT Championship
World Endurance Championship
1982 United States John Paul Sr.
United States John Paul Jr.
United States JLP Racing Porsche 935 JLP-3 G 2,041.936 km (1,268.800 mi) IMSA GT Championship
4.7 mile/7.52 km circuit
1983 United States Wayne Baker
United States Jim Mullen
Canada Kees Nierop
United States Personalized Autohaus Porsche 934A F 1,765.853 km (1,097.250 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1984 Colombia Mauricio de Narvaez
Germany Hans Heyer
Sweden Stefan Johansson
Colombia De Narvaez Enterprises Porsche 935J G 2,057.031 km (1,278.180 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1985 France Bob Wollek
United States A. J. Foyt
United States Preston Henn Porsche 962 G 2,197.817 km (1,365.660 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1986 United States Bob Akin
Germany Hans-Joachim Stuck
Austria Jo Gartner
United States Bob Akin Motor Racing Porsche 962 Y 2,244.745 km (1,394.820 mi) IMSA GT Championship
4.2 mile/6.85 km circuit
1987 United States Bobby Rahal
Germany Jochen Mass
United States Bayside Disposal Racing Porsche 962 G 1,971.092 km (1,224.780 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1988 Germany Klaus Ludwig
Germany Hans-Joachim Stuck
United States Bayside Disposal Racing Porsche 962 G 2,103.380 km (1,306.980 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1989 Australia Geoff Brabham
Netherlands Arie Luyendyk
United States Chip Robinson
United States Electramotive Engineering Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo G 2,182.753 km (1,356.300 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1990 United States Bob Earl
Republic of Ireland Derek Daly
United States Nissan Performance Technology Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo G 1,990.936 km (1,237.110 mi) IMSA GT Championship
3.72 mile/5.99 km circuit
1991 Republic of Ireland Derek Daly
Australia Geoff Brabham
Australia Gary Brabham
United States Nissan Performance Technology Nissan NPT-90 G 1,774.463 km (1,102.600 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1992 Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio II
United Kingdom Andy Wallace
United States All American Racers Eagle MkIII-Toyota G 2,143.646 km (1,332.000 mi) IMSA GT Championship
1993 Argentina Juan Manuel Fangio II
United Kingdom Andy Wallace
United States All American Racers Eagle MkIII-Toyota G 1,369.552 km (851.000 mi)B IMSA GT Championship
1994 New Zealand Steve Millen
United States Johnny O'Connell
United States John Morton
United States Clayton Cunningham Racing Nissan 300ZX Y 1,947.145 km (1,209.900 mi) IMSA Exxon World Sportscar Championship
1995 United States Andy Evans
Spain Fermín Vélez
Belgium Eric van de Poele
United States Scandia Motorsports Ferrari 333 SP P 1,548.189 km (962.000 mi)B IMSA Exxon World Sportscar Championship
1996 South Africa Wayne Taylor
United States Jim Pace
Belgium Eric van de Poele
United States Doyle Racing Riley & Scott Mk III-Oldsmobile P 1,935.075 km (1,202.400 mi) IMSA Exxon World Sportscar Championship
1997 United States Andy Evans
Spain Fermín Vélez
France Yannick Dalmas
Sweden Stefan Johansson
United States Team Scandia Ferrari 333 SP G 1,628.012 km (1,011.600 mi)B Professional Sports Car Exxon World Sportscar Championship
1998 Belgium Didier Theys
Italy Gianpiero Moretti
Italy Mauro Baldi
United States MOMO Doran Racing Ferrari 333 SP Y 1,925.178 km (1,196.250 mi) Professional Sportscar Exxon World Sportscar Championship
3.74 mile/6.02 km circuit
1999 Denmark Tom Kristensen
Finland JJ Lehto
Germany Jörg Müller
Germany BMW Motorsport BMW V12 LMR M 1,863.781 km (1,158.100 mi) American Le Mans Series
2000 Germany Frank Biela
Denmark Tom Kristensen
Italy Emanuele Pirro
Germany Audi Sport North America Audi R8 M 2,143.646 km (1,332.000 mi) American Le Mans Series
2001 Italy Rinaldo Capello
Italy Michele Alboreto
France Laurent Aïello
Germany Audi Sport North America Audi R8 M 2,203.192 km (1,369.000 mi) American Le Mans Series
European Le Mans Series
2002 Italy Rinaldo Capello
Italy Christian Pescatori
United Kingdom Johnny Herbert
Germany Audi Sport North America Audi R8 M 2,060.282 km (1,280.200 mi) American Le Mans Series
2003 Austria Philipp Peter
Germany Frank Biela
Germany Marco Werner
Germany Infineon Team Joest Audi R8 M 2,185.328 km (1,357.900 mi) American Le Mans Series
2004 United Kingdom Allan McNish
Germany Frank Biela
Germany Pierre Kaffer
United Kingdom Audi Sport UK Team Veloqx Audi R8 M 2,084.101 km (1,295.000 mi) American Le Mans Series
2005 Germany Marco Werner
Finland JJ Lehto
Denmark Tom Kristensen
United States ADT Champion Racing Audi R8 M 2,149.601 km (1,335.700 mi) American Le Mans Series
2006 Denmark Tom Kristensen
United Kingdom Allan McNish
Italy Rinaldo Capello
United States Audi Sport North America Audi R10 TDI
(Diesel)
M 2,078.145 km (1,291.299 mi) American Le Mans Series
2007 Italy Emanuele Pirro
Germany Frank Biela
Germany Marco Werner
United States Audi Sport North America Audi R10 TDI
(Diesel)
M 2,165.8 km (1,345.8 mi) American Le Mans Series
2008 Germany Timo Bernhard
France Romain Dumas
France Emmanuel Collard
United States Penske Racing Porsche RS Spyder M 2,088.45 km (1,297.70 mi) American Le Mans Series
2009 Denmark Tom Kristensen
Italy Rinaldo Capello
United Kingdom Allan McNish
Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R15 TDI
(Diesel)
M 2,278.85 km (1,416.01 mi)C American Le Mans Series
2010 United Kingdom Anthony Davidson
Spain Marc Gené
Austria Alexander Wurz
France Team Peugeot Total Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
(Diesel)
M 2,185.328 km (1,357.900 mi) American Le Mans Series
2011 France Loïc Duval
France Nicolas Lapierre
France Olivier Panis
France Team Oreca Matmut Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
(Diesel)
M 1,975.4 km (1,227.5 mi) American Le Mans Series
Intercontinental Le Mans Cup
2012 Denmark Tom Kristensen
Italy Rinaldo Capello
United Kingdom Allan McNish
Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 TDI
(Diesel)
M 1,933.8 km (1,201.6 mi) FIA World Endurance Championship
American Le Mans Series
2013 Switzerland Marcel Fässler
France Benoît Tréluyer
United Kingdom Oliver Jarvis
Germany Audi Sport Team Joest Audi R18 e-tron quattro
(hybrid diesel)
M 2,191.3 km (1,361.6 mi) American Le Mans Series
2014 United Kingdom Marino Franchitti
United States Scott Pruett
Mexico Memo Rojas
United States Chip Ganassi Racing Riley Mk XXVI-Ford Ecoboost C 1,751.1 km (1,088.1 mi) United SportsCar Championship
2015 France Sébastien Bourdais
Portugal João Barbosa
Brazil Christian Fittipaldi
United States Action Express Racing Coyote-Corvette DP C 2,046.4 km (1,271.6 mi) United SportsCar Championship
2016 Brazil Pipo Derani
United States Scott Sharp
United States Ed Brown
United States Johannes van Overbeek
United States Tequila Patrón ESM Ligier JS P2-Honda C 1,432.51 km (890.12 mi)B IMSA SportsCar Championship
2017 United Kingdom Alex Lynn
United States Ricky Taylor
United States Jordan Taylor
United States Wayne Taylor Racing Cadillac DPi.V-R C 2,094.59 km (1,301.52 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2018 United States Johannes van Overbeek
France Nicolas Lapierre
Brazil Pipo Derani
United States Tequila Patrón ESM Nissan Onroak DPi C 2,070.88 km (1,286.79 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2019 Brazil Felipe Nasr
Brazil Pipo Derani
United States Eric Curran
United States Whelen Engineering Racing Cadillac DPi.V-R M 2,094.96 km (1,301.75 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2020 United States Jonathan Bomarito
United States Ryan Hunter-Reay
United Kingdom Harry Tincknell
Canada Mazda Motorsports Mazda RT24-P M 2,094.96 km (1,301.75 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2021 France Sébastien Bourdais
France Loïc Duval
France Tristan Vautier
United States JDC-Mustang Sampling Racing Cadillac DPi-V.R M 2,100.98 km (1,305.49 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2022 New Zealand Earl Bamber
Switzerland Neel Jani
United Kingdom Alex Lynn
United States Cadillac Racing Cadillac DPi-V.R M 2,113.02 km (1,312.97 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
2023 United Kingdom Jack Aitken
Brazil Pipo Derani
United Kingdom Alexander Sims
United States Whelen Engineering Racing Cadillac V-Series.R M 1,938.62 km (1,204.60 mi) IMSA SportsCar Championship
^A The car was in fact, a Porsche 935 K3 that has been modified with a single plug cylinder head and a front nose to resemble a Porsche 934 to comply to IMSA GTO specification.[15]
^B These races were stopped for a period of time due to heavy rain and/or accidents. The race clock was not stopped for these periods and counted towards the 12 Hours.
^C Race record for most distance covered.
^D Technically the race "winner" in 1950 was the Crosley Hot Shot of Fritz Koster / Ralph Deshon, entered by Victor Sharpe Jr. of Tampa. While the Wacker / Burrell Allard did cover more distance, the race was run under the "Index of Performance" handicapping rules and the Crosley, with a much smaller engine than the Cadillac-powered Allard, is listed in the Official Sebring Record Book as the winner.

References

  1. McCluggage, Denise (February 20, 2012). "Racing Through History". Autoweek. 62 (4): 66–67.
  2. ONCE AROUND THE CLOCK SWIFTLY ROLLING
  3. Sebring, archived from the original on March 9, 2019, retrieved April 7, 2019
  4. LE MANS USA. MAJOR ENDURANCE TEST FOR PORSCHE AT SEBRING., archived from the original on April 7, 2019, retrieved April 7, 2019
  5. Nobody Tells You How Punishing the 12 Hours of Sebring Really Is
  6. Porsche Celebrates 12 Hours of Sebring Winners
  7. Sebring 12 hours statistics
  8. "Sebring countdown: The 20 greatest battles countdown, Nos. 8 through 5 | Autoweek". April 6, 2016. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  9. Corvette C6-R Race Car Launches For 2005
  10. 2005 Aston-Martin DBR9
  11. Audi V12 TDI is "Race Engine of the Year"
  12. IMSA cuts back diesel advantage, archived from the original on May 30, 2019, retrieved January 31, 2021
  13. "Sebring wall of winners".
  14. Sam Collier Memorial Sebring Grand Prix of Endurance Six Hours, www.racingsportscars.com Retrieved on 31 July 2012
  15. Starkey, John. 930 to 935: The Turbo Porsches. Renwick & Starkey Ltd. ISBN 0-9665094-1-2.
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