2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore

In the 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore, a significant rise in the number of dengue fever cases was reported in Singapore, becoming the country's worst health crisis since the 2003 SARS epidemic. In October 2005, there were signs that the dengue fever outbreak had peaked, as the number of weekly cases had declined and the outbreak of this infectious disease declined by the end of 2005.

2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore
DiseaseDengue fever
Virus strainDengue virus
LocationSingapore
Date2005
Confirmed cases14,006[1]
Severe cases381[1]
Deaths
27[1]
Fatality rate0.19%[1]
Government website
NEA Dengue Cases

Status of outbreak
The number of dengue fever cases per week in 2005. Between 18 June and 29 October, the number of weekly dengue fever cases exceeded the epidemic threshold of 237.
Status (as of 31 December 2005)
Number of cases 14,209[2]
Number of deaths 27[1]

In 2005, there were a total of 14,209 dengue fever cases and 27 people died, a record death toll that would not be surpassed until 2020.[3] The outbreak peaked in the months of September and October, when it caused hospitals to cancel some elective surgery due to the need to allocate more beds for dengue patients.

Singapore's health-care system is helping to maintain a low fatality rate at 0.2% (2005), which is lower than Southeast Asia's regional average of 0.8% in 2004, according to the World Health Organization.

The National Environment Agency (NEA) said that the dengue fever problem may be worsening because of higher temperatures and changes in viral strains. The mean temperature has risen to 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) from 27.8 °C in 2003.

In the second week of September, more than 100 new cases were reported daily and many were admitted to public hospitals.[4]

Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan said that one of the concerns is that more Singaporeans are infected with Dengue Type 3, which is a new strain of the dengue virus.

Some experts, such as Dr Paul Reiter, Professor of Entomology at the Pasteur Institute in France, suggested that Singapore's success in suppressing the dengue has partly contributed to this year sudden increase in dengue cases. The population born over the last two decades has a low herd immunity and therefore more susceptible to the virus.[5]

In January 2006, Environment and Water Resources Minister Yaacob Ibrahim declared the dengue outbreak is under control with average 84 cases weekly compared to a peak of more than 700.[6]

Inter-ministerial and inter-agency committees
Dengue hotspots: geographical distribution of dengue cases.
Larva of Aedes aegypti mosquito, the primary vector for dengue.

In September, an inter-ministerial committee headed by Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, Yaacob Ibrahim, was formed to tackle the dengue outbreak. Yaacob Ibrahim delivered a ministerial statement on the issue in the parliament on 19 September.[7]

An inter-agency Dengue Coordination Committee and a community-centred Dengue Watch Committee have also been established.[8] The Dengue Coordination Committee involves the permanent secretaries of the Environment, Health, and National Development ministries, and Chief Executive Officers of key government statutory boards, and it aims to ensure that the various policy initiatives by the various ministries are well-coordinated. Land Transport Authority (LTA) would make sure that bus-stops, Mass Rapid Transit stations, construction sites are free of mosquito breeding. Singapore Land Authority (SLA) were also stepping up their checks on vacant state land and properties, while the Housing and Development Board (HDB) and town councils are stepping up the cleaning of common areas.[9]

The Dengue Watch Committee is chaired by Khoo Tsai Kee who is the Senior Parliamentary Secretary for the Environment and Water Resources. He will co-ordinate with the five mayors in Singapore to reach out to the 84 advisers and the town councils, to oversee dengue prevention measures at the community level.

A panel of experts had also been set up to advise the government on anti-dengue measures. The panel is chaired by Dr Chee Yam Cheng, Clinical Professor and Assistant chief executive officer of National Healthcare Group.

Preventive measures
Larvae in stagnant water
Singapore in 2005
Events
Others

Singapore launched a number of measures to contain the dengue outbreak, including public awareness campaigns and regular fogging with insecticides. 4,200 volunteers, 970 environmental control officers hired by construction sites, 350 so-called "mozzie busters" made up of girl guides and scouts, have participated in the preventive efforts.

The Ministry of Health stepped up its monitoring of common mosquito breeding sites and launched an online map listing "hotspots" for the insects. Residents who allow mosquitoes to breed in their homes can be fined between S$100 to S$200, and heavier penalties may be issued for construction sites found with standing water. The number of officers conducting such checks have tripled since the start of the year to 360, and may increase to 510 by December.

The National Environment Agency has allocated an additional S$7.5 million on top of its existing S$2.5 million budget to clear drains of stagnant water where mosquitoes breed. Singapore Land Authority has also stepped up its checks on vacant state properties.

On 10 September, National Environment Agency started collecting blood samples from residents of Sims Avenue, a dengue hotspot, to help track the infection. The residents were asked to provide voluntarily 5 millilitres of blood sample and a swab of saliva for the study. The samples were to be analysed for antibodies against dengue infection in the last 2 months.[4]

The National Parks Board (NParks) is considering removing broad-leafed plants which may breed mosquitoes.[10] These plants like palm trees or any plants with axils capable of trapping water, are potential breeding sites.[10] Some town councils had removed some or all palm trees in their jurisdictions.[10] Additional trimming of palm trees had been done by NParks to reduce potential breeding sites.[10] As holes in tree trunks are also a concern, NParks had regularly filling these holes with sands.[10] NParks has engaged 16 pest companies to prevent mosquito breeding in the parks it manages.[10] Due to the dengue threat, some schools are cancelling excursions to the parks.[10]

By end of October, town councils are to employ dedicated pest control officers and engage in more frequent drain cleanings.[11]

Community response

Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan urged the public to help in the fight against the disease. As households are common breeding grounds for mosquitos and are less accessible for fogging, residents can help by checking for stagnant water in their households and neighbourhood and ensuring no blockage of drains. Due to the short life cycle of Aedes aegypti mosquitos (7 to 10 days), frequent checks are necessary to eradicate dengue. These checks only take several minutes and could potentially save lives.

Dr Kevin Palmer, World Health Organization's regional adviser for mosquito-borne diseases, said that it is important for ordinary residents to play their part. He added that fogging alone was not effective as winds could blow the insecticide away.[12] Yaacob Ibrahim also said that fogging only kills adult mosquitoes, but not the larva and therefore less effective compared to removing breeding sites.[13]

Singapore residents are also arming themselves with anti-mosquito products including insecticides, repellents and electronic mosquito traps. For repellents, experts are recommending those with an active ingredients, such as DEET which provide more effective and lasting protection.

As a preventive measure, some residents bought a perennial grass plant, Citronella, and placing it at their home to repel mosquitos.[14] The plant gives off a strong lemon-like fragrance which supposedly repels mosquitoes.[14]

To prevent the spread of the virus, those who are already infected with dengue are encouraged to use mosquito repellents, wear long-sleeved clothing and sleep under mosquito nets to prevent mosquitoes from biting them again and spreading the virus to others.

Weekend blitz

Minister for the Environment and Water Resources Yaacob Ibrahim informed Parliament that NEA officers with volunteers would conduct weekend blitz campaigns over six weeks, covering all estates, to destroy mosquito-breeding sites.[11]

First blitz, 17–18 September

On the weekend of 17–18 September, more than 700 officers and volunteers launched a house-to-house campaign to remove breeding sites at four neighbourhoods, in what Minister Mah Bow Tan described as "sort of a carpet-combing exercise". The four neighbourhoods involved in the weekend blitz are Ang Mo Kio, Yishun, Hougang and Marsiling, which are among the worst affected regions.

In this "search-and-destroy" operation, mosquito-fighting "commandos" combed the streets, checked the drains, looked at the bins and the roof structures at all estates to seek and destroy breeding sites. They found 172 mosquito-breeding sites, mainly flower pot trays, water containers, litter in open area and tree holes.[11]

Second blitz, 24–25 September

In the following weekend, the blitz was continued and covered five other areas such as Toa Payoh/Bishan, Tampines, Choa Chu Kang, Bedok and Boon Lay/Jurong, and 220 breeding sites were found and destroyed.[15]

Third blitz, 1–2 October

More than one thousand volunteers were involved in this third blitz to cover areas including Kallang, West Coast and Jurong East. 187 breeding sites were found and removed.[16]

Treatment

In September, Singapore experienced a drastic rise of dengue cases. In the first week alone, 547 new cases were reported and many required hospital care. As the treatment lasts about 10 days, many hospitals across Singapore are experiencing shortage of hospitals beds. To cope with the strain, hospitals are postponing non-emergency operations to accommodate the dengue patients.[17]

General practitioners and polyclinics are on high alert to check for cases of dengue and are ordering more patients to have their blood tested for suspected dengue. The test, which takes fifteen minutes, is based on platelet count; dengue sufferers have 100,000 or lower platelet count as compared to 140,000 to 400,000 of a healthy person. If a suspected dengue patient is diagnosed, the patient will be referred to a hospital for more accurate testing.

Dengue diagnostic kits

In July 2005, a Singapore life science start-up company Veredus Laboratories launched a DNA- and RNA-based diagnostic kits for dengue, avian influenza and malaria. The kit is based on technologies licensed from A*STAR and the National University of Singapore.[18]

Another Singapore company Attogenix Biosystems has also developed a biochip called AttoChip which has successfully undergone an independent clinical trial conducted by Tan Tock Seng Hospital and is 98 percent accurate. The AttoChip identifies genes, viruses and bacteria-causing diseases from a blood sample. It can detect the presence of the dengue virus within two to three days of the onset of the virus.[19][20]

See also

References
  1. Koh, Benjamin K. W.; Ng, Lee Ching; Kita, Yuske; Tang, Choon Siang; Ang, Li Wei; Wong, Kit Yin; James, Lyn; Goh, Kee Tai (July 2008). "The 2005 dengue epidemic in Singapore: epidemiology, prevention and control". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 37 (7): 538–545. ISSN 0304-4602. PMID 18695764.
  2. "Dengue cases down for 4th week in a row". TODAY. 29 July 2013.
  3. Ng, Keng Gene (14 October 2020). "28 people have died of dengue this year, a new high that now matches the Covid-19 death toll". The Straits Times.
  4. Ng, Julia (10 September 2005). "Another 125 dengue cases reported, 85 admitted to hospital". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 December 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  5. "Singapore's dengue outbreak has peaked: experts". Archived from the original on 20 February 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2005.
  6. "Environment Minister says dengue situation under control". Channel NewsAsia. 8 January 2006. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  7. "Inter-ministerial panel formed to tackle Singapore's dengue situation". Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2005.
  8. "Inter-agency panel, watch group set up to tackle rising dengue cases". Archived from the original on 28 November 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2005.
  9. "SLA doubles dengue checks on vacant state properties". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  10. Forss, Pearl (15 September 2005). "NParks considers removing trees, plants which may breed mosquitoes". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  11. Margaret, Perry (19 September 2005). "Mosquito-breeding sites found at one in 10 housing blocks". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  12. "WHO'S verdict on S'pore BEST DENGUE DEFENCE IN THE WORLD WORST DENGUE OUTBREAK IN THE WORLD". 10 November 2005. Archived from the original on 10 November 2005.
  13. "ENV to study how fogging practices are conducted". Archived from the original on 9 December 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2005.
  14. Wong, May (18 September 2005). "Singaporeans snap up Citronella to repel mosquitoes". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  15. Margaret, Perry (28 September 2005). "Another person dies from dengue, bringing death toll to 12 this year". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  16. "1,000 volunteers to go on third anti-dengue blitz this weekend". Archived from the original on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2005.
  17. "Non-urgent operations delayed as hospitals cope with dengue cases". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  18. "Singapore start-up firm launches avian flu, dengue diagnostic kits". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 10 September 2005.
  19. "Thanks to local firm, dengue detection's now 98% accurate". 26 October 2005. Archived from the original on 26 October 2005.
  20. "Clinical Trial Results of Attochip (Dengue Biochip)". archive.is. 18 May 2006. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006.

Further reading
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